The Geography of Cocaine

The Geography of Cocaine Free Online Research Papers Cocaine is a crystalline alkaloid produced from the leaves of the coca plant. It stimulates the central nervous system and suppresses appetite, creating an euphoric sense of happiness. It can also be used to increase energy, and post production. We need not confuse the coca leaf with the actual chemically altered substance that is cocaine, for they are two separate entities. This essay will focus on the history of the coca leaf, throughout South America, as well as the transformation from the leave to the actual drug. We will also be looking at the production and markets of the drug, focusing on the target consumers and the effects the drug has. Historians believe the first consumption of coca leafs dates back to 6000 BC by the Aymara Indians in the Andes mountains, significant in the social and religious organizations of the region’s pre-Columbian civilizations (Laserna, 1995; Erickson 1994) The Incas had adapted their myths and religion to conform to the plant. The leaf itself was said to be part of their daily diet in order to suppress their hunger and relieve their altitude sickness. Chewing of the coca leaves was at first reserved for Inca royalty, used for social, mystical, medicinal and religious purposes. Its use then expanded to the general public. They believed the plant had sacred origins and would therefore use it for various rituals and celebrations. The South American natives used coca for religious and medicinal purposes. It was also believed that chewing the leaf promoted contact with the spirit world and had healing powers. During the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the traveler Pedro Cieza de Leon wrote in his memoir â€Å"The Indians carry the Coca in their mouths, from morning until they lie down to sleep; they never take it out. When I asked some of these Indians why they carried these leaves in their mouths, which they do not eat, but merely hold between their teeth, they replied that it prevents them from feeling hungry, and gives them great vigor and strength (in Mortimer,1901). The Spanish originally restricted the use of coca but later gave in when they discovered it stimulated and sustained laborers. The cultivation and consumption of coca under the Spanish rule became so popular that the leaf itself was often used in the place of money. It was the most commercialized Indian product in the colonial Andean world, even used as capital in Spanish commercial exchanges. The coca leaf was chewed in a specific manner and an invitation to do so was considered of the highest honor among a socie ty. Laborers would chew the plant to stimulate them and give them energy to continue working. The cultivation of the coca leaf and cocaine was mostly concentrated in Bolivia’s Yungas region, under the Incas. Laserna argues that 90% of rural Bolivians use coco regularly one way or another. Other countries exploiting the coca included Columbia and Peru. There has also been commercially cultivated cocaine in such places as Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Indonesia, Nigeria, Malaysia and Japan. For these countries cocaine cultivation remains a major source of income creating many jobs in the various stages of the creation process. Although the use and sale of this drug is prohibited and illegal, it remains a major substance in the United States. Cocaine HCI is odorless and classifies as a central nervous system stimulant. One of the central reasons why the cultivation of the coca leaf is so appealing in terms of job characteristics is as follows. Coca can reach maturity within two years of planting, which is faster than most other crops. It has a relatively long productive lifespan and requires less attention and investment than other crops once it has been planted. Also, once harvested and dried, leaves spoil slowly and are not prone to damage during transport. Coca can also provide up to 6 harvests a year in a region where most crops give 1. It also has access to a guaranteed local market, providing year round income and insurance against unusual weather-related or other disasters. The plant is highly adaptable to many climates and conditions and can be grown in bad or depleted soils. It can expand the agricultural frontier into land not otherwise suitable for farming and in exhausted soil. A chemist named Albert Niemann first extracted pure cocaine from the leaf of the Erythroxylon coca bush in the mid-19th century. In the early 20th century it became the main pick-me-up drug used in tonics to treat a wide variety of sicknesses. Its popularity grew as an ingredient in patent medicines and other family products such as the ever hip Coca-Cola. The use of cocaine was however later removed from the beverage and only the coca leaves were used. However this craze soon grew into instances of addiction, psychotic episodes, seizures, and even death. There were several steps taken to fight the problems associate with the use of cocaine Today, cocaine is a Schedule II drug, and comes in two basic forms such as powdered and freebase. The powdered form dissolves in water and it a hydrochloride salt where as freebase means it has not been neutralized by an acid and therefore not made into hydrochloride salt. The freebase form can also be smoked. Highly addictive, it can cause severe mental and physical problems and even death. The central ways of using cocaine are either by inhaling, snorting, injecting or smoking. It is said that the substance develops faster when smoked. Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant that interferes with the re-absorption of dopamine, a chemical messenger associated with pleasure and movement. Such physical effects include dilated pupils, increased temperature and heart rate and also blood pleasure. The high from snorting can last up to 30 minutes, while that from smoking can last up to 10 minutes. Each user will react differently to the drug but the end results will always end in dependency and addiction and possible death. Research Papers on The Geography of CocaineAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeGenetic EngineeringThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnPETSTEL analysis of India

Summer School Study Abroad Scholarship Application Essay

Summer School Study Abroad Scholarship Application - Essay Example I believe these courses would help me attain my ultimate career goal. All good packages come with costs, so is the case of YISS. I belong to a middle class family with income that just suffices living costs and does not contribute to savings. A referral to financial statement will support my stance. I will be able to bear my expenses to some extent, but I will also require financial assistance. This is the reason why I have applied for need based scholarship programme. I believe that an individual has a give and take relationship with the society. Contribution to society is paid back in the form of a better & safe community for the future generations. I respect the fact that YISS is offering need based scholarship and desire to benefit from it. But this does not end here, as a helping hand extended towards me today will encourage me to help others in future. It will also develop goodwill of Korean society on international

Aircraft maintenance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aircraft maintenance - Essay Example Aircraft Maintenance Technicians (AMT's) perform or supervise maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration of aircraft and aircraft systems in accordance with the provisions of Federal Aviation Regulations. As the aviation technology made it progress, it was necessary to bring in the maintenance of all the aircraft for it's prolong and safety use. From the time it started, aircraft maintenance has gone through series of changes. From basic to improvised and now the high-tech maintenance. As gradually the aircraft problem raised, maintenance also matured. The following context will discuss very briefly the journey of maintenance to the latest maintenance technology. Further paragraph will discuss how it has cooped with the latest technology and then the future of the aircraft maintenance. How to effectively improve the quality of the aircraft outfield maintenance management is a problem any management personnel seeking high profits in both developed and developing countries must be faced with, no matter what aircraft they maintain, military aircraft or civilian aircraft. Some of the several technologies used for aircraft maintenance are: The use of neural networks (NNs) to enhance onboard diagnostics and provide real-time damage detection for aircraft reconfiguration has been investigated. This research focus was a result of investigating new technologies to improve mission success and reduce life cycle/support cost resulting from a high percentage of cannot duplicate' and retest O.K.' maintenance actions occurring on some aircraft systems. Laboratory testing results have shown that future onboard diagnostics systems can use NNs to detect intermittent failure and false failure indications. The test instance featured an Ada-based NN running in an advanced vehicle management system computer (VMSC). Built In Test Equipment: The BITE is characterized primarily as a passive fault management and diagnosis built into airborne systems to support the maintenance process. Another technology use for aircraft maintenance, it functionality are Analysis of failure monitoring results, Reporting & Memorisation of failures, Management of tests. Central Maintenance Computer: The Central Maintenance Computer (CMC) for the 747-400 cockpit serves as a central collection hub for inter-system fault data sharing among aircraft monitoring systems, collecting and storing information on failed components and initiating component and system tests. Reliability Centered Management: RCM process described in the DOD/UAL report recognized three principal risks from equipment failures: threats to safety, to operations, and to the maintenance budget. Modern RCM gives threats to the environment a separate classification, though most forms manage them in the same way as threats to safety. RCM offers four principal options among the risk management strategies: on-condition maintenance tasks, scheduled restoration or discard maintenance tasks, failure-finding maintenance tasks, and one-time changes to the "system" (changes to hardware design, to operations, or to other things). After being created by the commercial aviation industry, RCM was adopted by the U.S. military (beginning in

Symbolism In The Great Gatsby Essay Example for Free

Symbolism In The Great Gatsby Essay Prompt: Examine Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism in the novel. Be sure to define symbolism, examine at least 3 different symbols, and tell how each symbol is significant or important to the narrative. Finally, explain how each contributes to a theme in the novel. Be sure to directly state each theme in a complete general sentence. Use textual evidence (exact quotes from the novel). â€Å"Possibly is had occurred to him that the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever. Compared to the great distance that had separated him from Daisy it had seemed very near to her, almost touching her. It had seemed as close as a star to the moon. Now it was again a green light on a dock. His count of enchanted objects had diminished by one.†( pg. 93) The green light is one of the most predominant symbols F. Scott Fitzgerald uses in his novel The Great Gatsby. Symbolism is when a writer uses an object or idea to stand for something else; the bigger picture, or theme of the book. Three of the utmost crucial symbols in The Great Gatsby are the green light, the disintegrating letter, and the mantelpiece clock. First, The green light represents Gatsby’s hopes and dreams for the future. Gatsby affiliates the light with Daisy, and Fitzgerald first introduces the reader to this in Chapter One when Nick sees Gatsby reaching out towards it at the end of his dock, â€Å"-he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as a I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. In voluntarily I glanced seaward-and distinguished nothing except a single green light†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (pg. 20-21) The green light is the idea that you should keep chasing your dreams no matter how far away they seem. Fitzgerald shows this through Gatsby chasing Daisy although she is married and has a child, he never gives up on his hopes to be with her. Fitzgerald additionally portrays this through Gatsby by showing that he was poor but did everything he could to become rich because that was his dream. Other characters such as Myrtle show this theme. Myrtle wants to be rich like Gatsby and Tom so she keeps pretending to be rich and tries to fit that stereotype in any way that she can because she dreams of being rich one day. In chapter five, Daisy and Gatsby are seeing each other again for the first time in years. Their reconnecting occurs at Nicks house and this is when the reader is introduced to the mantelpiece clock. When Fitzgerald writes â€Å"Luckily the clock took this moment to tilt dangerously at the pressure of his head, whereupon he turned and caught it with trembling fingers and set it back into place†¦I think we all believed that for a moment that it had smashed in pieces on the floor.†(pg. 86-87) the reader sees that Gatsby wants to get back together with Daisy or â€Å"turn back time† in a sense. Fitzgerald is telling the reader that time is unstoppable and unrestrainable through Gatsby and Daisy’s actions because even though Gatsby does everything in his power to see her again and win her over he never does because time has moved on and so has Daisy. Next, the reader sees that time has moved on long before Gatsby had even come back from the army. The reader sees Daisy’s actual moving on and marrying Tom in chapter four when Jordan tells about the night before Daisy’s wedding, â€Å"I came into her room half an hour before the bridal dinner, and found herdrunk as a monkey. She had a bottle of Sauterne in one hand and a letter in the other†¦we locked the door and got her in a cold baht. She wouldn’t let go of the letter. She took it into the tub with her and squeezed it up into a wet ball, and only let me leave it in the soap-dish when she saw it was coming to pieces like snow.†(pg.76) the reader assumes this letter in from Gatsby because Jordan earlier in this passage explained how Daisy and Gatsby were in love and how during Daisy’s drunken state she tells Jordan to give Tom back the pearls that he bought he because, â€Å"Daisy’s change’ her mine!† (Pg. 76) Yet she still marries Tom the next day. This shows her realizing that she can’t wait forever and must marry Tom, therefore leaving behind her past with Gatsby and moving on. What Gatsby has yet to see it that all good things come to and end, and this is what Fitzgerald was portraying through the disintegrating letter and the end of Daisy and Gatsby’s relationship. As many can see, F. Scott Fitzgerald is one of the finest writers because he uses personal experiences to influence his writing. His use of symbolism is astounding and it makes people want to decipher his words. In The Great Gatsby he shows the reader the meaning of life, time, and hope through a light, a letter, and a clock; but most importantly through his main character Gatsby, who is connected to all of the symbols in this novel. Fitzgerald also does a first-class job of connecting the overall theme of the novel, which is the decline of the American dream in the 1920’s; how little by little it started to disappear until nobody believed in it any more; to Gatsby and how his count of enchanted objects keep diminishing one by one until there is nothing left but lost and broken dreams.

DMX song Slippin’ :: essays research papers

DMX- â€Å"Slippin’†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The song â€Å"Slippin’ â€Å" by artist DMX uses tone, theme and imagery. DMX’s purpose for writing this song was to convey the theme how life in the streets is, and how you can over come life with drugs if you give it all you got. The song begins with the speaker talking about problems he is having with his mom, and that’s when he decides to run away from home. Then it moves on to when he is on the streets by himself, and that is when his problems begin to worsen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the first stanza, the speaker starts talking about the problem he is having with his mom. He then decides to leave his house. When he leaves his house he thinks its going to be easy to live alone in the streets and that is when he uses imagery and says â€Å"I’m gonna be that seed that doesn’t need much to succeed â€Å". He then finds out that life in the streets is not so easy and that’s when he says, â€Å" I’m ready for the world, or at least I thought I was†¦ â€Å"In this stanza he also uses tone when he says, â€Å" DAMN, was it my fault something I did†¦.†? Here he is asking himself if it was his fault that his father had left him at age 7 and why did his father leave.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the chorus the speaker uses the phrase †¦.â€Å"I’m Slippin’ , I’m fallin’, I can’t get up†, which means that the speaker is loosing every hope that will help him survive through all the problems he has. The speaker also uses theme in the chorus when he says, â€Å"See, to live is to suffer, but to survive, well, that’s to find meaning in the suffering.† He uses theme here because he is saying that to him life is nothing but suffering and if you survive the suffering, its just to find meaning in it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the middle of the song the speaker talks about how he hit rock bottom. He says that in three years he started showing signs of stress, that he didn’t care how he looked and he didn’t care about anybody. He says that he â€Å"Would get high to get by† or in other words he would get high to forget about the problems he had.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally at the end of the song he talks about how his life started to change with the help of his friends.

Marketing information systems

E-commerce made its first major impact by registering on the economic horizon in 1998. In that year, Amazon made $1 billion.   In an article in The Economist on the 19th of August 2006, Amazon.com is credited as being the pioneer in teaching the world how to shop online. Today, Amazon’s product range is anything from travel (the biggest seller), to computer equipment and software to cars, clothing and home furnishings in that order of magnitude. Technology (by way of one-click shopping) has been of great assistance in collecting data based on buyer preferences and past buying behavior. Search boxes, pre-ordering capability are some of the ways Amazon collects customer information. Information gathered includes birthdays, interests, wish lists, location and past purchases. Good marketing information systems reward online behavior with rewards that make customers feel pampered. They also give great user experience and evolve with customer needs. Amazon has just added â€Å"Search Suggestions† as another way of gathering information by requesting customers, authors and sellers to make recommendations that they feel are linked to search keywords. This should result in the company building up a comprehensive database for gaining and retaining customer loyalty. This information is used mainly to cultivate buyer loyalty. A typical example is the Amazon practice of tempting shoppers by making recommendations based on what others who have bought the same product bought also and based on the buyer’s previous shopping style. After gathering the necessary information, Amazon also makes buying from them attractive with such enticements like extensive selection, free shipping and excellent customer service (you actually get to speak with a real person within seconds if you use the click-to-call button and provide your telephone number). Bottom of Form Top of Form REFERENCES â€Å"Click to download – Amazon.com†, The Economist (US), August 19, 2006. Volume 380, Issue 8491, p 58. Fernando, Angelo, â€Å"Why punish, when you can reward? Online or off-line, there are simple steps you can take to make your customers feel valued†, Communication World, Sept-Oct 2006, Volume 23, Issue 5, p14-15.   

A Balanced Literacy Program For Reading And Writing

The term literacy refers to reading and writing. Both must be taught together within the many components of a balanced literacy program. Each of these components are important in this program and provide a framework for what and how educators teach. Among teaching, there are five different elements that the National Reading Panel identifies as important to reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. It is an educator’s goal for students to understand these five elements. In order for students to comprehend these elements, there are eight strategies educators teach in a balanced literacy program: shared/guided writing, writer s workshop, interactive writing, independent writing, interactive read-aloud, guided reading, shared reading, and independent reading. These components make up the â€Å"skeleton† of a balanced literacy program, and this essay will discuss how and what educators teach within a balanced literacy program u sing Tompkins’ Literacy for the 21st Century: A Balanced Approach and Fletcher and Portalupi’s Writing Workshop: The Essential Guide. When teaching students about reading and writing, an educator will teach both together, as they are complimentary of each other. It will be easier for students to learn reading and writing together rather than to separate them and relearn at a later time. The teachers initiate a support system with their students, and as their students start to comprehend the material, they willShow MoreRelatedBalanced Literacy Instruction : A Comprehensive Program Of Language Arts Achievement901 Words   |  4 PagesBalanced literacy instruction is a comprehensive program of language arts achievement. It is comprehending all of the components that is necessary for students to become a master in writing and oral communication. Balance literacy begins with creating a genuine gratitude for good literature. And it balanced by knowing students individually, direct and indirect instruction and activates that emphasize meaning for students. The strongest elements of each are combined into a literacy progr am that aimsRead MoreEducational Reform1289 Words   |  6 Pagesquality of early literacy acquisition. It focuses on four principles: increased accountability, increased flexibility and local control, expanded options for parents, and teaching methods based on highly prescriptive reading curriculum programs and teaching methods that must be approved by the Federal government (Luke, Woods, 2008). Two key elements of NCLB were the focus on accountability through annual academic assessments, and support for using teaching methods and programs that were provenRead MoreBalanced Literacy (essay describes the importance of having a balanced literacy approach in the classroom).1494 Words   |  6 Pagesis a balanced approach to reading instruction - an approach that combines the language and literature-rich activities associated with whole language activities aimed at enhancing meaning, understanding, and the love of language with explicit teaching skills as needed to develop fluency as sociated with proficient readers. Balanced literacy is an approach for teaching literacy that is widely used in classrooms across the country. It involves several methods of teaching and learning reading and writingRead MoreBalance Approach to Teaching Reading955 Words   |  4 PagesA Comprehensive Early literacy Experience Unit 9 Project Balance Approach to Teaching Reading Read MoreThe Language And Balanced Literacy1454 Words   |  6 PagesBasals, Whole Language and Balanced Literacy When addressing the subject of reading and the most effective method to teach reading is? Additionally, when we teach our children how to read, do they truly understand what they are reading and can they communicate to us what they have read? As educator we have to be instrumental in creating students to become independent effective readers who comprehend well. In order to do this, students have to be provided with basic reading and comprehension skillsRead MoreNew York Schools Chief Advocates More Balanced Literacy Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesSchools Chief Advocates More ‘Balanced Literacy’ written by Javier C. Hernandez where the author attempts to establish why the program â€Å" Balanced literacy† has a chance to come back to NY City Schools. Hernandez revealed with explicit why C. Farina believes in balanced literacy and what is the difference between CCSS and balanced literacy program. The article’s statement indicates that the new school s chancellor, C. Farina, wants to return balanced literacy program to NY schools. She refusesRead MoreLiteracy Models and Instructional Reform for Educators Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesLiteracy Reform In every school across America, effective practices of reading instruction are being discussed. Calkins (2012) suggests that over 85% of students being tested on grade level literacy standards are non-proficient. Research suggests that students, who are unable to read proficiently by third grade, are not predicted to ever learn to read or have successful lives when they reach adulthood (Martinez, 2008). For these reasons, it is important that districts implement literacy modelsRead MoreThe Journey Home By Allison Lester879 Words   |  4 Pagesdetermining what strategy worked best when dealing with 7-year-old Elli. Different approaches were used to decide what skills needed development. Appropriate questions were we involved to establish an understanding of the child’s literacy level and perceptive. For the reading session, I have chosen The Journey home by Allison Lester (2009) this book is about two characters named Wild and Wooly, who are brother and sister. One day they decide to dig through the sand to reach the North Pole and then beginRead MoreThe Literacy : A Balanced Literacy Program1517 Words   |  7 PagesThe term literacy refers to reading and writing. Both must be taught together within the many components of a balanced literacy program. Each of these components are important in this program and provide a framework for what and how educators teach. Among teaching, there are five different elements that the National Reading Panel identifies as important to reading instruction: phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. It is an educator’s goal for students to understandRead MoreBalance Literacy vs. Whole Language866 Words   |  4 Pageslanguage is considered a top down approach where the reader constructs a personal meaning for a text based on using their prior knowledge to interpret the meaning of what they are reading. Teachers are expected to provide a literacy rich environment for their students and to combine speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Whole language teachers emphasize the meaning of texts over the sounds of letters, and phonics instruction becomes just one component of the whole language classroom. Problems