Political Cartoon Assignment Essay

The political cartoon that I chose mainly aims towards people who are concerned about the environment and people who are against The American Clean Energy and Security Act. An every day citizen may not get the entire meaning of the cartoon if they do not know the motive behind it or do not follow politics and environmental news. The cartoon is political because it clearly states two things that weigh heavily on the minds of the public right now: tax and the environment. While this doesn’t typically necessarily mean that a cartoon would be political, the word â€Å"bill† on the page in the man’s hand points in the direction of political. The cartoon effectively shows two sides of the issue: one where the public is being told that the bill would cause a tax increase that the American consumers would ultimately have to deal with and another side where the environmentally-conscious person is saying that it’s just a scare tactic and that it would cause more good than harm for the country. At first glance, the cartoon was humorous, but the more I looked at it and began to understand what it was talking about, my thoughts began to change. Although it’s still funny, the cartoon carries a deeper meaning than just entertainment. The main thing that I felt was slight irritation that people could think that there are only two ways of looking at the issue and that people could be so concerned about taxes that they don’t even think about the environment that we’re living in. Although what is being shown is comical, the emotions behind what the artist is trying to show the viewer is not. Even if he shows that there are two sides of the issue, he still wants you to realize that economists are using the current state of the economy to play on your emotions and try to convince you that you’re ultimately hurting yourself by supporting the bill. Whether or not the artist was successful in the attempt to persuade the viewer into a way of thinking is up to the interpretation of each individual person. For me, it was successful. I was able to see the two different sides of the issue and while I understand both, I was able to draw my own conclusion and say that there needs to be some sort of middle ground. In part, the artist wants you to see how you’re being manipulated by the economists and the people that are against the bill to believe that the bill will have more of an impact on your bank account in terms of more taxes rather than having a good impact on the environment. Although I’ve always known that there are people who are against the bill, before seeing it in cartoon form, I never really realized that they really might be just a way of making people choose one or the other; the environment or your money. In terms of opening my eyes, the artist was successful.

Nelson Mandela’s Leadership Style Essay

Effective Leader Effective Leader The urge to be an effective leader demands you to become a good manager. When describing the ideal characteristics of a good leader, there are essential skills that a good manger should portray. In this case, it is considered that a good manger should be equipped with human, technical and conceptual skills. These skills are vital in the delivery of organizational services. In addition, such skills will be used to determine the capacity of a manager in the bid to measure one’s effective leadership. Human skills involve the capability to handle issues that relate to humanity and members of the society. Technical skills are the tailored skills to deliver some efforts based on the available technical facilities. Lastly, conceptual skills cover multiple issues that an organization desires to achieve in the business ventured. Following the integration of these skills in varied dimensions, it is possible to establish the effectiveness in leadership. As such, it is considered that good managers are effective leaders. Although the term leadership and management are interchangeably used when referring to people spearheading organizations or a group of people, they distinctly imply different forms of overseeing people. Leadership involves the incorporation of creativity and innovation in leading people to partake in something that can be believed to be useful for all lives. On the other hand, management involves the understanding of an organizational vision and mission, which allow one guide it as per the formulated plans. Since these two concepts are vital for any organization, one should be a good manager to be an effective leader. This demands the understanding of what makes one a good manger to achieve the attributes of an effective leader. In this essay, I will discuss one of the great leader Mr. Nelson Mandela. His direction and leadership style has given freedom to South African people. Effective Leader – Nelson Mandela **** In the twenty first century, leaders are required to build a greater impression in which people believe in strategy, trust in management decisions, and trust in their work. Once people believe in management choice, there will be enthusiasm inside an organization. Such an environment helps the organization growing or flourish. A doing well leaders create a surroundings in cooperation inside and outside the organization. (Subir chowdbhury management, 21c financial times prentice hall (2000). The world hopeful in political leaders but unfortunately, a few of live up to the leadership main beliefs and values. In fact, a lot of political leaders seem to severely be deficient in numerous of the majority necessary leadership qualities. This assay will be analyzing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18th July 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well-known as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008) The essay will seem at his behavior, characteristics as leader, and the style of his leadership at last relate his leadership with particular theory of leadership that is transformational leadership model. Leadership Definition Leadership is a function of personal and professional qualities (retrospection), the conception of a vision, structure and satisfying a sense of collective purpose, and make sure carrying out, with strategy and culture as two situational or contextual factors (cannon,2004; gil,2006) Characteristics traits or personality Mr. Nelson Mandela Charismatic personality he’s self-determined, sense of humor, integrity, strong minded, intelligence, empathy, self-nelson Mandela charisma encouraged people by changing their goals, values, need beliefs and objective he bring about this change by attempt to south Africa people self-idea specifically make the people feel valued and personal identity the lack of resentment over cruel treatment received. Nelson Mandela spiritual strengths beliefs which show the integrity and willingness never to give up (BBC news – Mandela’s life and times 2008) As admired leader Mr. Nelson Mandela as peace maker struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa with multi-racial democracy, During the period of his incarceration sacrificed his family were he was absent in nurture of his children or in any feature of everyday life he has been shared with the world for his struggle for a nation not only for an individual or for own individual family. Mr. Nelson Mandela believed that to be a freedom fighter one must suppress many of personal feelings that make one feel separated individual rather than part for the liberation of millions of people, not glory for one individual. (Long walk for freedom chapter 11) Not all freedom fighter live to see their struggle bring about the change they are fighter for in the life time’s sometimes they set the stage for the next generation to realize the fruits of their labor, social change happening when individual make change a choice to fight for justice and against oppression. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p11) Leadership role Nelson Mandela growing up with tribal traditional costumes’ Mr Mandela erudite that listening to others ideas is most important than talk or make own decision without consulting others. Mandela’s ideas about resolving disagreement grew as developed common sense of individuality and vision for leading people. Has combined the tactic and procedure observed from tribal chiefs, formal education and experiences to the ways of ruling parties. Mr. Mandela observed the ways of oppressors and well-known that they did little to dishearten, and in fact give confidence division along with the different tribes or groups of black and Asian South Africans. This taught that leaders  might use their power to bring people together or slash apart. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p18.) Behavior: Nelson Mandela characterized by nature a peaceful and peace-loving man. But over the conduit of life’s exertion, has been forced to make hard choices in order to realize his final objective of a democratic South Africa. While the ANC’s preliminary policy was one of non-violence, over time felt forced to reconsider its effectiveness and accepted violent behavior as a strategy for achieving goal for a South Africa, once returned to original guiding principle of non-violence has transformed from the period of apartheid government to a democratic rule Nelson Mandela as eventually the beneficiary, along with F.W. Deklerk, in 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. The subsequent year has been nominated as first black president of democratic South Africa. (Frontline; the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p17) Style of his leadership Under the democratic leadership style Where the focuses of leader is more with a group as an entire and better dealings within the group and leadership function are in collective with the part of team. The group member has a greater say in decision making, determination of police implementation of scheme and dealings (Laurie J. Mullins 2005). Democratic leadership as a style whereby the leader persuade an open trusting and follower oriented relationship. Leaders who adopted encouraged followers to establish their own police provided them with a perspective by explaining in advance the procedures for accomplishing the goals and granted the followers independence to commence their own tasks and congratulating them in an objective manner. According to bass (1990) leaders adopting this leadership style were described as caring, considerate, and easy to compromise and they also had a sense of responsibility and attachment to their followers. Transformational leadership Many writers see transformational leadership as the similar thing as charismatic, creative thinker or inspirational leadership for instance,  kreitner et al. Refers to a leadership as a transforming workers to pursue organisational goals over personality interest, Charismatic leaders followers by creating modification in their goal, values, needs beliefs and aspirations. Such as a new theory of leadership contain greater than recent years evolved as central to understanding leadership with emphasis on transformational leadership where leader stimulates group to change their motives, beliefs and values and capabilities so to the group own attention and individual goal turn into congruent with organization (Bas 1985). An important characteristic of this leadership is charisma; and certainly conger and kanungo (1987) include developed leadership theory that particularly focuses on measurement. In bass (1990) transformational leadership as a behavioral procedure of being gain knowledge of management, it’s leadership practice with the purpose of methodical consisting of purposeful and prepared investigate for possible systematic examination and the aptitude to move about resources from areas of slighter to better production, (Bass 1990, P,53-4) the leader attain this simulation in by creating an consciousness of the task of organization and develops group to higher level of ability and potential â€Å" (Mandel and Pherwani 2003, P, 390) furthermore transformational leaders believed to encompass the aptitude to motivate, inspire, and hold up creativity in group. This become visible to subsist achieved throughout transformational leader illustrate evidence of a high degree of individualized thoughtfulness which â€Å"the degree to which leader attends to the group observe and listens to the leaders concern by acting as a counsellor (judge and Piccolo, 2004 P. 755) Transformational leadership theory hold further by management author in the 1980 as method of efficiently carry in relation to organizational change (Avolio et al 1991; Bennis and Nanus, 1985; Tichy and Devanna; 1986 Tichy and Ulrich 1984) these study harassed that transformational leader lend a hand to realign the value and norms (Avolio et al; 1991, P.9) of an organization endorse change. These value and norms are mainly precious while an organization comes across harsh disaster in motivating group in pursuing creative problem solving (Avolio et al; 1991). Organizational changes achieved throughout transformational leaders creating awareness of the goal and task of the organization, according to Mandel and Phewani (2003) this awareness allow group to appear further than own interest through afterwards benefits the group and  eventually the organizational. According to whitehead, for instance the most significant attribute that a high-quality leader inspiring people by create an environment where it’s acceptable for people to make mistakes and gain knowledge of them, rather than what happened in the ancient times which to hold responsibility and punish them. Leading from this position the acquisition of a high level of commitment from their people than mere compliance. Adair argues with the purpose of truthfully inspirational leader should be aware of the spirit surrounded by all people encompass the possible for greatness; inspirational leader connects through the lead, appreciates the potential of others and during trust dete rmination release the powers in others. Adair refers to the inspired instant acknowledgment and attack of a concise window of opportunity that can take action as an influential means to inspire mutually the leader and the led. (Laurie J. Mullins 2005) Beginning visioning capabilities is an additional leadership skill is normally linked with efficiency. This ability consists of a leader being able to build up a strategic vision (Lombardo and McCauley. 1985 Kouzes and Posner. 1993). Bennis and Thomas conclude that individual achievement is partly connected to a leader’s ability to â€Å"come out others in shared sense† and that effective leaders are able to â€Å"mobilize workers† in a â€Å"distinct and convincing voice† (Bennis and Thomas, 2002 P 39). In addition to visioning skills Kotter (1996) recognized align and communicating way, motivating and inspiring workforce and producing useful change as significant leadership skills to be acquired. clearly goal achievement is moreover important (Bo yatzis, 1982) on the other hand performance needs to be redirected toward strategic skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) directed at implementing a vision (Hitt, 1988), rather than excessively focusing on technical skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) According to Burns (2002) leaders must keep people focused on core values and mission and encourage continuous transformation of the organization as a means of pursuing its core mission. Fundamental to system-control thinking is an idea of the chase of clear organizational goals designer by the manager or leader who then motivates others to act in ways which will achieve these goals. It is suggested that this difficult for a number of reasons. Such ways of thinking about leadership based upon a unitary view of organization and are thus motivated to act in ways that will ensure the understanding of such goals.  Both transformational and charismatic leadership theories can be seen to uphold unitary assumptions. Essential to Bass’s theory the view of subordinates transcending self-happiness for the goals of the organization, with Bas and Avolio (1994, p 3) for instance suggesting that â€Å"the (transformational) leader creates clearly communicated expectations that followers want to meet up and likewise Conger and Kanango (1987). Although Bass and Avolio (1994) acknowledge that followers hold a various set of views, desires and aspirations, they suggest that through the use of inspirational motivation the leader talented to support diverse followers around a vision. Thus there remains a belief that high consensus can be achieved and thus conflict, negotiation and politics that are predictable in organizations tend to be marginalized remarkably, Barker (1997) remind of Burns’s (1978) definition of leadership which emphasizes leadership as a practice which occurs within a context of competition and conflict. Interesting Bass’s theory of transformational leadership has built upon Burns’s work and thus far downplay important dimension. The following comment from a manager study highlights the realism of conflicting organizational goals. Managers in revision moreover often described the challenges in working with others who assumed very different views and the requirement of politic king to bu ild support for facts: This would seem to advise a slightly different reality to ideas of consensus, cohesion and willing self-sacrifice for the greater high-quality. Moderately suggests an added complex, untidy realism where conflicts of interest succeed and as such the manager should occasionally behave in uncomfortable ways to persuade others of individual viewpoints. It may be argued that assumptions of a unitary organization might simplify the reality that found organization are somehow set and once achieved the work of the leader done. Again this seen to simplify the case. (Conger and Kanungo, 1987 p.46).reliable with systems-control thinking theories of transformational and charismatic leadership present an individualistic conception of leadership, since the forces on the leader as special person. Indeed there center on a talented individual apparently possession of almost phenomenal, magical powers that may perhaps seen to hypnotize group to act in conduct wanted by the leader. Words such as extraordinary unconventional and heroic characterize a description of leader behaviors. Bass (1985) p.47,48) for instance,  highlights the extraordinariness of transformational, charismatic leader suggesting that the unusual vision of charismatic leaders that makes it possible for them to observe around corners stems from greater freedom from internal conflict while the normal manager is a continuing victim of their self-doubts and personal traumas . Alimo-Metcalfe et al (2002) argued that new theory of leadership create dangerous myths since they create a view of leadership unapproachable to the majority usual mortals. Further, the thought that a leader should in several method gifted shows a weakening to accepted wisdom of leadership as an instinctive ability and as such suggests slight completed through way of teaching leadership indeed, in own employment found several managers who apparent leadership as an inspirational gift and therefore attempts to teach leadership were seen as limited. Conclusion A leadership in an attempt study explore the style used in large scale to find out the outcome styles in terms of extra effort effectiveness and satisfaction among employees A transformational leader move up levels of understanding and consciousness about the meaning of value of necessary result s and habits of attainment encourage offering up personality interest for the sake of the group or organization. Leadership related directly to organization task and objectives. Transformational leadership develop inspired way surroundings and creating a mutual vision that is clear and hopeful to employees. Leaders strength necessitates make over corporate strategic objectives into an individually concerned vision to motivate and convince reluctant workers of its value. The glowing communicated vision and ambition vital constituent of expecting new behaviors and new instructions for an organization and its employees. References Bell, Myrtle P. (2001). Diversity in organizations. Koonce, Richard. (2001). Redefining diversity. It’s not just the right thing to do; it also makes good business sense. Kreitner, Robert, and Cassidy Carlene M. (2011). Management. Managing Diversity. Liopis, Glen. (2011). Diversity Management is the Key to growth: Make it Authentic. Retrieved from

Cause and Effect Essay - McDonalds Causes More Deaths than Terrorists

It was probably inevitable that one day people would start suing McDonald's for making them fat. That day came this summer, when New York lawyer Samuel Hirsch filed several lawsuits against McDonald's, as well as four other fast-food companies, on the grounds that they had failed to adequately disclose the bad health effects of their menus. One of the suits involves a Bronx teenager who tips the scale at 400 pounds and whose mother, in papers filed in U.S. District Court in Manhattan, said, "I always believed McDonald's food was healthy for my son." Uh-huh. And the tooth fairy really put that dollar under his pillow. But once you've stopped sniggering at our litigious society, remember that it once seemed equally ludicrous that smokers could successfully sue tobacco companies for their addiction to cigarettes. And while nobody is claiming that Big Macs are addictive -- at least not yet -- the restaurant industry and food packagers have clearly helped give many Americans the roly-poly shape they have today. This is not to say that the folks in the food industry want us to be fat. But make no mistake: When they do well economically, we gain weight. It wasn't always thus. There was a time when a trip to McDonald's seemed like a treat and when a small bag of French fries, a plain burger and a 12-ounce Coke seemed like a full meal. Fast food wasn't any healthier back then; we simply ate a lot less of it. How did today's oversized appetites become the norm? It didn't happen by accident or some inevitable evolutionary process. It was to a large degree the result of consumer manipulation. Fast food's marketing strategies, which make p d McDonald's just suffered its first quarterly loss since the company went public 47 years ago. The obvious direction to go is down, toward what nutritional policymakers are calling "smart-sizing." Or at least it should be obvious, if food purveyors cared as much about helping Americans slim down as they would have us believe. Instead of urging Americans to "Get Active, Stay Active" -- Pepsi Cola's new criticism-deflecting slogan -- how about bringing back the 6.5-ounce sodas of the '40s and '50s? Or, imagine, as Critser does, the day when McDonald's advertises Le Petit Mac, made with high-grade beef, a delicious whole-grain bun and hawked by, say, Serena Williams. One way or another, as Americans wake up to the fact that obesity is killing nearly as many citizens as cigarettes are, jumbo burgers and super-size fries will seem like less of a bargain.

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best Essay

Argue whether or not paying students for good grades is the best motivational tool - Essay Example This means that the school and educational system should seek appropriate ways for motivating their students. In some instances, parents and school provide money for good grades. Intrinsic motivation is the best approach of motivation among students since it promotes self-drive and hard work, qualities which are beneficial for the life of a student in the long term. Grades should reflect the intrinsic values of education and learning. This means that education and learning should not be viewed as work that requires payment after the accomplishment of agreed objectives. This does not mean that education is not tied to work. Education is tied to work because it leads to work that rewards on monetary basis (Rosenbaum 4). Though money for grades is a motivational tool, it is not an effective motivational tool because it is not based on the actual capabilities of the student. In addition, the monetary value attached to grades is not relative to the nature of the examination. This is becau se examinations are not standardized and they vary with years or school sessions. Money for grades diminishes the real value of the educational system. In this case, students do not study with the aim of gaining theoretical experiences, but they study with their focus on the examination. The student do not prepare adequately for class work, and in most case, they do not participate in schoolwork (Rosenbaum 7). There only focus in the school environment is to pass the examinations and not to gain the aspects of education that can create an effective platform for their education. Paying student for good grades should be discouraged since it may lead to cheating. In the scenario that parents or other stakeholder resort to give monetary rewards for students in order to encourage good grades, the students will link academic success with financial incentives (Wiseman and Hunt 62). For instance, a parent may give $10 for As, $5 for Bs and $3 for Cs (Rosenbaum 2). In average, students who t hen keep their grades above 90 earn the equivalent of $15 each month (Ivanova 1). This will have a detrimental effect on the students since it will influence the learning process negatively. The students will be preoccupied with attaining the financial incentive. This may lead to frustrations for the students when they do not achieve the required threshold in their academic work. In such instances, the student may resort to shortcuts in order to enhance their academic performance. This urges may encourage cheating in order to achieve good grades. This will impede the learning process rather than encourage the child to acquire new knowledge. This means that children should be encouraged to seek academic success intrinsically as opposed to external motivations like cash rewards (Wiseman and Hunt 62). Students who are intrinsically motivated to study will be able to achieve good grades without cheating. These students will be aware that the skills learned in school are essential for th eir future in the society and career wise. Therefore, if cash incentives are involved, the student’s motivation will be blurred and it will be majored on financial incentives. Offering financial rewards for good performance will have a negative effect on the values of the student. Education has the role to shape the morals and values of an individual. This means that a student should be able to pick positive behaviors and

Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Response - Assignment Example Through twitter, facebook and other social media, people can post statements and share updates or reports where others could react, reject or affirm. In twitter, subscriber can use hashtags to immediately associate their thoughts with the rest of the community discussing the same. Any life-changing or historical event from other country can easily gain sympathy and reaction from the other part of the world when this is shared on social network. Mark Pfeifle, former national-security adviser, was right in his observation that without twitter, the people of Iran would not feel empowered to stand for freedom and democracy (Gladwell,, 2010). K. Glassman, a former senior State Department official expressed, facebook provide leverage for US-based security management (Gladwell,, 2010). But this is not just about security matter. The social network is larger than that. It bridge nations and hasten family communications, especially those who are working offshore. It also provides easy access of views for tourism sites and thus, provides interactive options where people could choose sites to visit in other parts of the world. It also bridge you to networks of people who are constantly involved in the study of society and the universe, hence, nurture such personal connection to civil rights movement and about the changes happening in the solar system. Indeed, it is a great source of information and a tool for enhancing participation, interdisciplinary collaboration, and of business expansion. The world now is just within the peoples fingertips. Thoughts and decision-makings, political or otherwise, can be sense and felt in just a click. The online social network can end discrimination, too. Gladwell, M. Small Change: Why the revolution will not be tweeted. Annals of Innovation, New Yorker, Conde Naste, California, 4 October 2010. Web. http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/10/04/101004fa_fact_gladwell Accessed: 12.December

International economic relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International economic relations - Essay Example This supports its impressive economic achievements of 198.5% and -176.7% in exports and imports respectively. Previous recession, technology sector slump and disease outbreak lessons enabled it attain low rates of interests, growth in exports to achieve a great real GDP of 3.5% in 2013. Additionally, the government aims to establish a less prone to global cycles in IT products to avoid dangers of global recession. Hong Kong is a free market economy that depends on international transactions. It boosts of a big GDP per capita of 52700 and strong external trading comprising 222.6% in export and 220.9% import GDP in 2013. These are possible through its continuous integration by china mainland that offers the main trading partner. South Korea has managed a credible economic growth integrated with global economies. Its GDP real growth of 2.8%, 54.6% and -50.8% exports and imports stem from close governance, import quotas and industrious labor force. These measures promoted raw material and technology imports, investments and savings (World Fact book of CIA,

SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL 2011 review Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL 2011 - Movie Review Example Given below are some of the movies I had chosen to discuss about. HOW TO DIE IN OREGON The Sundance festival has always screened films for crazy movie goers who rush to occupy limits seats along with frenzied reporters who don't want to miss a moment of the 'Sundance Festival' madness. But this was not the case at the screening of the much acclaimed but brutally numbing to the soul movie ' How to Die in Oregon'. This film was directed by   Peter D. Richardson who worked for 4 years and spent close to 75,000 USD on it. This movie has been so heart wrenching that even the producers of the film, which is HBO, had a hard time finding an audience with their staff as they would be bursting into tears or tearing out of the room, not being able to stand the agony that Cody Curtis the real life protagonist faces every single day. Oregon is the only state that has legalized 'Physician-assisted-suicide' commonly referred to as euthanasia and this story is about a 52 year old mother of two, wh o battles Cancer and has to succumb to it eventually but nevertheless wants to die with some respect. She tries her best to be there for her children and crams in all the life's teachings. She wishes she could be alive for a longer period, but unfortunately she cannot because all she has left are a few precious months of her life. Nothing prepares her family for the hopelessness they feel when Cody is granted a lethal dose of   Morphine to give her permanent respite from her endless pain and agony.  This tragic story is so touching that it brings tears to the eyes, especially when they come to know that Cody is a real person. This film has won the Grand Jury Prize for American films at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival Awards ceremony. BEING ELMO: A Puppeteer's Journey. The 'Sundance Fim Festival' happens every year in the United States as an effort to bring to the forefront new and independent filmmakers who are exceptionally talented and need that big break.   Once such brilli ant movie is 'Being Elmo: A Puppeteer's Journey'. Elmo is an international icon that millions of children from all over the globe love and adore. But, only a few know of the man behind the creation of this character, Kevin Clash. Having watched Captain Kangaroo and Sesame Street, Kevin always dreamed of creating his own puppets and becoming a performing puppeteer. As fate would have Kevin Clash got a dream break from none other than his idol and master puppeteer Jim Henson himself, paving way for one of the most favorite and famous characters in The Muppets universe. Kevin Clash has always been a very private person and the movie revolves more around his art and creation than the man himself.Even his colleagues focussed more on praising his talent than delving into any personal trivia about him. A steady, focussed and passionate Kevin Clash has shows us how perseverance and hard work really pays off through this film. This film has been selected in the following categories -   OFF ICIAL SELECTION - SXSW FILM FESTIVAL 2011 OFFICIAL SELECTION - FULL FRAME DOCUMENTARY FILM FESTIVAL 2011 OFFICIAL SELECTION - INDEPENDENT FILM FESTIVAL BOSTON   OFFICIAL SELECTION - HOT DOCS (OUTSPOKEN OUTSTANDING) OFFICIAL SELECTION - DALLAS FILM 2011 INTERNATIONAL FESTIVAL BEING ELMO: A PUPPETEERS JOURNEY HAS WON IN THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES -   WINNER - SPECIAL JURY PRIZE - SUNDANCE FILM FESTIVAL 2011 LIKE CRAZY The 'Sundance Film Fest

Point of Care Testing Clinical Issues Assignment

Point of Care Testing Clinical Issues - Assignment Example The victims are majorly the young and part of the adult population. This problem is relevant in the world of healthcare service provision. The reason for its relevance is the fact that its ever-increasing prevalence and incidence rates warrant immediate clinical intervention. Therefore, to get rid of the health complications brought about by obesity, and to counter the prevalence of the problem, the appropriate healthcare action must be taken (Hain & Kear, 2015). EBP is an analytical and problem solving-approach on matters pertaining to healthcare. The approach is based on evidence or proof that is obtained from the analysis of available patient records or results from previous studies. This is a procedural process that must involve the relevant clinical expertise and the patients’ preferences. There are seven basic steps in the EBP clinical problem-solving approach.This is the initial step of the EBP. It involves the medical practitioners being persistently inquisitive. The questions that require answers are formulated because they are the basis of the impending problem. In this case, the identified problem is obesity among the American population. The series of questions keep the healthcare personnel aware of diverse ways of dealing with the problem and how to improve their practice to ensure that the desired results are obtained. Therefore, some of the possible questions, in this case, would be: A PICOT question structure is composed five questioning formats. Questions are formulated based on the population dynamics like age, Intervention, comparison with other interventions, the outcome of the intervention and the timeframe. For instance, the focus here is on obesity. The relevant PICO question format may appear in a set of specific sentence structures since the events are interrelated. Therefore, the question would be; among obese adults and children in America (P), does the regulation of eating habits and the choice of food (I) compared to the banning of junk food (C) have any effect reduction of the prevalence of obesity (O). The question follows the PICO format and addresses all the relevant measures leveled against the obesity outlining the affected individuals (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2011).

The Limits of Efficiency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Limits of Efficiency - Essay Example And so unions formed, and enough of a public outcry was raised to stir Congress to action. The COPE Act sounds like a promise to return to the easier days before regulation in some parts of the cable television and Internet industry. Because it can take months for cable companies to be awarded franchises, this bill sets up a system of "national cable franchising" in Title I (Summary of COPE Act). The bonus is that applications will now be awarded in thirty days. However, this will lead to the elimination of competition, and insufficient media infrastructure in poor communities, and so this bill threatens the access of many to affordable media. As a result, it should not be made into law as it is currently written. It may seem that creating one franchising standard nationwide would be a positive change. As it stands now, cable providers have to work out local franchising agreements with every local government where they want to offer their programming. Because telephone companies want to enter the cable television industry, they also have to go through this maze of negotiation, and one force behind the COPE Act is the telephone companies' complaint that the negotiation process is excessively "burdensome"(COPE Act of 2006). However, for this bill to be fair to all Americans, it should contain more specific requirements for infrastructure. There are currently no requirements for providers to set up infrastructure to all neighborhoods within a particular market, and so people in rich neighborhoods could end up with more choices, and therefore better pricing, than those in poor neighborhoods (COPE Act of 2006). Without this requirement, companies are likely to avoid areas where collections and maintenance costs could be higher, because of higher occurrences of delinquent accounts and vandalism. If one segment of the American population has the chance to receive lower cable prices, then all segments should have that chance. Also, by creating a national set of franchising requirements, this bill takes away the ability of state and local government to regulate the cable industry in the area of consumer protection, giving that ability instead to the FCC, an already burdened government agency that does not have the time to regulate the cable industry's consumer practices as well. The FCC is not currently authorized to order refunds, as state and local governments are - the FCC only has the power to fine companies, and that money just goes to the government - not to the victims (COPE Act of 2006). Another area of concern has to do with public, educational, and government channels, or PEG TV. If cable companies no longer have to answer to municipal and state governments, it will no longer have the incentive to give up channels for public/community access space (Davies). This will even further reduce the amount of non-commercial media available

The Downfall Of The South In The Civil War Essay Example for Free

The Downfall Of The South In The Civil War Essay The Civil War had continued to be a subject of interest by many Americans than any other event in their history. Even the Revolution that marked the birth of the republic pales in comparison, in terms of popularity, with the bloody fratricidal conflict of 1861-1865. Such popular imagination perhaps had been fueled by the thousands of books and articles, movies, and television performances. Furthermore, commemorative monuments, museums, parks, and cemeteries dot every state that saw battle. No skirmish, however minor, lacks at least one historical marker to remind visitors of the event, and every state that raised troops has its mementos flags, uniforms, guns, and equipment which it treasures. To mark anniversary dates, old veterans used to make appearances that would recount their experiences real and imagined in the war. Not immune to such fascination, are historians who continue to recount the battles many times over - describing, attacking or defending the actions of key actors (and many not so important) on both sides of the conflict. Of course, it was a costly war: one which demanded one million casualties, including a half million deaths and millions of dollars in destroyed property which served ample evidence that the Civil War marked a sharp conflict in American history. It is not therefore unusual that many historians have looked into the many facets of the war. Others focused on what could be the causal factors which brought on the war: How significant were the differences that led to war between North and South in 1861? Was it caused by differences in ideologies? A struggle for political power waged by representatives of two economic systems†¦that the conflict was between industrialism and agrarianism? Or a moral issue that served as the basis of a complex web of ideas that led both sides to accept ideologies, or world views that they were convinced, which put them in sharp conflict with one another? This paper however, primarily looks into the underlying issues which greatly influenced the outcome of the war. How the South was placed at a disadvantage - being deficient in terms of population and economy that ultimately led to its downfall in the Civil War. II. Two Main Differing Views Concerning the Cause of War A. Conflicting Economies A highly accepted argument spearheaded during the 1920’s by Charles Beard, who presented that it was the conflicting economic systems of the North and the South which caused the war. He believed that the two economic structures did not remain static which brought about the tremendous change effecting immense dislocation in the social structure, and thereby resulting to igniting the inherent antagonisms outside the bounds of diplomacy. Within each section of the country, the necessities of the productive system were generating significant results. The periphery of the industrial vortex of the Northeast was daily enlarging; agriculture in the Northwest was being steadily supplemented by manufacturing, and the area of tillable land by planters was steadily diminishing a shift by which statesmen had to contend in order to maintain peace. An increase in population concentration was much facilitated by the construction of railways, the telegraph system. Travel and communication was cheap and readily available. It facilitated the clustering of people similar status and parallel opinions into cooperative activities. It contributed to the growth of the intellectual force released by the increase of accumulated wealth - as stimulated by the expansion of the reading public and the literary market. That on the other hand, the South resisted the shift of system and had to defend its economic structure. Beard believed that this opposing system became an â€Å"irrepressible conflict† between the industrial North and the agricultural South, that each was contending for economic and political domination over the nation as demonstrated by the victory of the industrialists in Congress when the North won on the battlefields. The Civil War had put an end to the dominance of agricultural interests, and as such the Civil War was described by Beard as a â€Å"Second American Revolution†. According to Beard’s interpretation, the issue on slavery only played a secondary role in the war and that it was used as a cover up for other purposes. However, historians today by and large disagree with that of Beard. There were reports from early historians indicating that a clash of economic system and interests were none existent between the North and South prior to the war and thereby could not have precipitated the war. B. The Issue on Slavery Eric Foner’s interpretation in contrast to that of Beard makes slavery the central issue. Foner agrees with Beard that the Civil War resulted from a basic conflict in American society. However he rejects the notion that the conflict arose out of industrialism and agrarianism. For Foner, the key issue was slavery, not merely as a moral issue (as some historians have argued), but as well as a sharp contrast of viewpoint that propelled them to a point of conflict. Statesmen of the North expressed concern not only on the extension of slavery, but against its very existence. It was widely accepted that slavery required expansion to survive, and that confinement to the states where it already existed would kill it. In each ideology was the conviction that its own social system must expand, not only to insure its own survival but to prevent the expansion of all the evils the other represented. The Republicans believed that free society, with its promise of social mobility for the laborer, required territorial expansion and how this was combined with a messianic desire to spread the benefits of free society to other areas and peoples. Southerners had their own grandiose design. Writers C. Stanley Urban and Eugene Genovese have emphasized how essential expansionism was in the southern ideology. The struggle for the West represented a contest between two expansive societies only one of whose aspiration could prevail. For the North Americans, slavery could not be allowed to expand, because it would bring upon the West a scar whose fatal influence will be felt for centuries. The Southerners counter-argued that expansion of their own system would prevent the extension of the â€Å"evils† of free society as embodied by the North. Containment meant an indirect admission from the South that slavery is wrong, and should be abolished. Furthermore, it indicated that the South had to abandon its whole ideology, which had come to see slavery as a positive good. Slavery, the Southerners justified, had â€Å"refined† and greatly â€Å"developed† the Negro race. III. Comparison of the North and the South At first glance it seemed that the 23 states of the Union were more than a match for the 11 seceding Southern states South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. There were approximately 22,000,000 people in the North compared with some 9,000,000 in the South (of whom about 3,500,000 were Negro Slaves). In addition, the Federals possessed over 100,000 manufacturing plants as against 18,000 south of the Potomac River, and more than 70 percent of the railroads were in the North. Furthermore, the Union had at its command a 30-to-1 superiority in arms production, a 2-to-1 edge in available manpower, and a great preponderance in commercial and financial resources. It had a functioning government and a small but efficient regular army and navy. But the Confederacy however, despite the many odds against them was not to be snuffed out easily. While at the outset the South without doubt, could have been easily perceived to be on the losing end, there were certain factors which could have made victory possible. Proof of which is that the war dragged on for four years, incurring heavy losses on both sides. The Southern armies had the advantage of fighting on interior lines, and their military tradition had bulked large in the history of the United States before 1860. Moreover, the long Confederate coastline of 3,500 miles (5,600 kilometers) seemed to defy blockade; and the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis, hoped to receive decisive foreign aid and intervention. Finally, they were strongly driven for survival by fighting for the intangible objectives of home and white supremacy. Indeed, other nations had won independence against equally heavy odds.

Evolutionary Analysis of Culex Species

Evolutionary Analysis of Culex Species INTRODUCTION: Culex, a mosquito belongs to the phylum Arthopoda, is an important factor causing filariasis [1] St. Louis encephalitis [2]West Nile virus [3] Avion malaria (4). C.quinquefasciatus also called the Southern house mosquito is extensively studied as it transmits crucial diseases [5]. C. pipiens found in the urbans (6) is because of swift urbanization uncanny city growth which eventually resulted in the progression the disease transmittors (7,8,9). Lymphatic filariasis is spread worldwide, affecting 120 million people  [10]. They bite on the foot regions of humans  (11) causing skin allergy associated with irritation  (12).Since 1979 there are reports Japanese encephalitis in India, AP and was again reported in 2003  [13]. Known as a cosmopolitan mosquito, acts as vector for protozoan parasites (14 ),filarial worms (15), and for arboviruses(16 ,17). Cx. quinquefasciatus is the prime vector in India causing filariasis  (18) which involve 91% caused by Wuchereria bancroftiCobbold   [19] Hence, therefore, it is very important to eradicate this for the human welfare for which it is very essential to understand them at their molecular levels. The genome sequence of Culex quienquefasciatus  [20]triggered a new hope for the researchers. However, the researchers are still involved in identifying and characterization of these species causing diseases  (21). The objective of the present article is to access the evolutionary relationship among the culex species with the DNA barcoding and to assess the evolutionary relationship with Tamura 3 Parameter. To accomplish the objective, it is important to use the advanced techniques like the computerized data assessments (22) which could have an immense impact on the health care S. Morio, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 9: 295 (1989)(BOOK) (23) system as the data could be accurate (22). The use of DNA barcoding has been in practice over the conventional 16s ribosomal DNA (24) which is more advantageous and promising (25) by playing a pivotal role in identification between the species (26). 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 2.1 Larvae collection and Characterization: Culex larvae were sampelled from various parts of Hyderabad during the breeding season from different locations, say stagnant water, coconut shells, tires etc. Thus collected larvae were reared and were identified morphologically for Culex quienquefasciatus under the microscope. Microscopic analysis revealed the following characteristics, Short and stout head, yellow long mouth brushes. It was also observed that the abdomen has eight segments, the saddle and the siphon, which is four times longer that its width, securing the larvae to be Culex quinquefasciatus. The larvae were allowed to grow into an adult (27). Further study was performed from the F1 generation of the pure culture after they were identified morphologically for adult. 2.2 DNA EXTRACTION: From the 4th instar larvae, the total DNA was extracted and was then finely ground in 50  µl of homogenate buffer (28). The homogenate was left in the thermo cycler for 30 minutes at 60oC with a quick addition of 7  µl of 8M CH3COOK. Incubate the tubes in ice for 30 minutes and centrigugate them for at a maximum speed for 15 minutes. Transfer the supernatant into fresh tubes. To precipitate the DNA, incubate the tubes for 15minutes after adding 100  µl of 95 % ethanol. DNA pellet was collected after a rapid centrifugation for 15 minutes at maximum speed and decay the supernatant. Air dry the pellet and suspend it in Tris buffer. Store it at 20oC till further experimental procedure is carried. COI Partial sequencing, amplification, Sequencing and Alignment: The isolated DNA was further amplified on PCR by mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I (COI) gene, which can differentiate between the diversity of taxa . The mitochondrial COI gene of ~ 500 bp was amplified by forward and reverse primers (28) which were developed on the spanning, ~700 bp of Aedes aegypti, Anapheles stepfheni and Cx. Quienquefasciatus. The reaction mixture, 25  µl, consisting of 10-50 ng of DNA template, 200 µM of dNTPS’ 1U of Taq DNA polymerase, 1X assay buffer and 5p mol of primer was then subjected to amplification for 2 minutes at 94o C initiation, denaturation of DNA template for 35 cycles for 30 seconds at 95 o C, followed by primer aliening -30 seconds at 55 o C, extension- 70 o C for 30 seconds and final extension at 70 o C for 10 minutes. The amplified sequence ,thus, was run on Agarose gel electrophoresis and then the sequencing was perfoemed by Bioserver Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd. The sequence was submitted to NCBI. The accession number assigned was JX08870 (501bp). Further multiple sequence alignment was performed for partial COI gene sequence of 501bp with the default parameters. Sequence alignment studies elucidate the similarity and differences among different species in India along with other parts of the world. Further, the results of the DNA barcoding were made increasingly vivid with the phylogenetic analysis by the construction of phylogenetic tree. The analysis of the phylogeny was attained by maximium likelihood method (29) with the deletion of gaps and missing data. Bootstrap replication was used to validate the tree. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: Known as the ‘Southern House Mosquito’, Cx. Quienquefasciatus a vector which played a prime role in filariasis and the incidences have seen in different parts of the world. Hence, there is an utmost need to address this problem with priority. In order to snub the prognosis of this vector, it is very essential to take certain control measures. To attain this, the mosquito larvae were collected and grown into an adult. The DNA was isolated and amplified and run on the agarose gel electrophoresis. The agarose wells comprised of sample from different locations along with 200bp marker DNA. The amplicons were seen between 400bp and 600bp of the DNA marker and were then subjected to sequencing. It was noted that the sequence was identified to be novel and was submitted to NCBI-gene bank nucleotide database and the accession number assigned was JX088701. Further, the multiple sequence alignment was performed to understand the evolutionary relationship among the species of the world.. Using the Maximum Likelihood Method, which creates a tree of highest Likelihood from the given data. The Maximum Likelihood tree elucidates that the Culex species of Hyderabad was closely related to the UK species and hence both emerged as out group in the phylogenetic tree. CONCLUSION: The medium sized brown mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, predominantly exists all through the tropics acts as a vector causing several parasitic diseases. Usually active at night, it is an opportunistic blood feeder which allows the parasites to use the humans as hosts. It is hence important to address their control with priority. The present article the DNA sequence was successfully isolated, sequenced and was submitted to NCBI-Gen Bank nucleotide database. Further, to understand its evolutionary relationship the phylogenetic analysis was performed. It was noticed that the DNA sequence of Hyderabad Culex quinquefasciatus was different from other species and can be used as DNA barcode to identify the organism REFERENCES: Deepak Kumar, Rakesh Chawla, P. Dhamodaram, and N. Balakrishnan Journal of Parasitology Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/236838. Ary Farajollahi, Dina M. Fonseca, Laura D. Kramer, and A. Marm Kilpatrick â€Å"BIRD BITING† MOSQUITOES AND HUMAN DISEASE: A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF CULEX PIPIENS COMPLEX MOSQUITOES IN EPIDEMIOLOGY Infect Genet Evol. 2011 October ; 11(7): 1577–1585. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.013. Linda M. Styer et al Mosquito Saliva Causes Enhancement of West Nile Virus Infection in Mice JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 2011, p. 1517–1527 doi:10.1128/JVI.01112-10. Fabrice Lalubin et al Temporal changes in mosquito abundance (Culex pipiens), avian malaria prevalence and lineage composition Parasites Vectors 2013, 6:307 doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-307. Emilie Dumas et al Population structure of Wolbachia and cytoplasmic introgression in a complex of mosquito species Evolutionary Biology 2013 13:181. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-181 P. F. MATTINGLY Population Increases in Culex pipiens fatigans Wiedemann 1962, 27, 579-584. D. SINGH The Culex pipiens.fatigans Problem in South-East Asia 1967, 37,239-243. Sharma, V.P. et al., ed. Community participation for disease vector control. Proceedings of an ICMR/WHO Workshop,February 1986, New Delhi, India. Roberta Bivins The English Disease† or â€Å"Asian Rickets†? Medical Responses to Postcolonial Immigration Bull. Hist. Med., 2007, 81 : 533–568 E.A. Ottesen, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 1997, 75 (6): 491-503. Oduola AO,Awe OO Behavioural biting preference of Culex quinquefasciatus in human host in Lagos metropolis Nigeria J Vector Borne Dis.2006 Mar;43(1):16-20. Bhoopendra SINGH et al Interdiscip Toxicol. 2012; Vol. 5(4): 184–191. doi: 10.2478/v10102-012-0031-4 Repon C. Paul et al A Novel Low-Cost Approach to Estimate the Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in the Catchment Area of Three Hospitals in Bangladesh Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 85(2), 2011, pp. 379–385 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0706. C. van Riper III, S. G. van Riper,M. L. Goff, and M. Laird, â€Å"The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds,† Ecology Monograph, vol. 56, pp. 327–344, 1986. S. M. M. Ahid, P. S. Da Silva Vasconcelos, and R. Lourenc ¸ode- Oliveira, â€Å"Vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus Say fromdifferent regions of Brazil to Dirofilaria immitis,† Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 769–775, 2000. S. Sucharit, K. Surathin, and S. R. Shrestha, â€Å"Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors,† The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and PublicHealth, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 611–621, 1989. G. Molaei, T.G. Andreadis, P.M. Armstronget al., â€Å"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission ofWestNile virus inHarris County, Texas,† American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 73–81, 2007. Sarkar M et al Insecticide resistance and detoxifying enzyme activity in the principal bancroftian filariasis vector, Culex quinquefasciatus, in northeastern India Med Vet Entomol.2009 Jun;23(2):122-31. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00805.x. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12579/5/05_chapter%201.pdf ( BOOK) Peter Arensburger Sequencing of Culex quinquefasciatus establishes a platform for mosquito comparative genomics Science. 2010 October 1; 330(6000): 86–88. doi:10.1126/science.1191864. U.Suryanarayana Murty Rule-based system for the fast identification of species of Indian Anopheline mosquitoes Comput Appl Biosci(1996)12(6):491-495.doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/12.6.491 Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty Rapid identification of female Culex mosquito species using Expert System in the South East Asian region Bioinformation 1(2): 40-41 (2005). S. Morio, Computers in Biology and Medicine, 9: 295 (1989)(BOOK) Setti A, Devi TP, Pawar SC, Rajesh G, Srikanth S, Kalyan S.Molecular evolution of pathogenic bacteria based on rrsA gene, 2012 Hebert PD Biological identifications through DNA barcodes Proc Biol Sci.2003 Feb 7;270(1512):313-21. Saied Reza Naddaf et al Confirmation of Two Sibling Species among Anopheles fluviatilis Mosquitoes in South and Southeastern Iran by Analysis of Cytochrome Oxidase I Gene J Arthropod-Borne Dis, 2012, 6(2): 144–150. Eugene JG. Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Am Mosq Control Assoc INC, 1970, Bulletin No.5, 7-27 Sambashiva Daravath, Aravind Setti, Yuvo singh, Swarnagowreeswari G, Madhavi Yadav M, Smita C Pawar, Reddya Naik B. DNA barcode of COI genetic marker of the Indian Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Medical Science, 2014, 5(15), 21-25. Koichiro Tamura et al MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Molecular biology and evolution, 2011, 28 (10), 2731-9 Ref without PMC ID: C. van Riper III, S. G. van Riper,M. L. Goff, and M. Laird, â€Å"The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds,† Ecology Monograph, vol. 56, pp. 327–344, 1986. S. M. M. Ahid, P. S. Da Silva Vasconcelos, and R. Lourenc ¸ode- Oliveira, â€Å"Vector competence of Culex quinquefasciatus Say fromdifferent regions of Brazil to Dirofilaria immitis,† Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 769–775, 2000. S. Sucharit, K. Surathin, and S. R. Shrestha, â€Å"Vectors of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV): species complexes of the vectors,† The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and PublicHealth, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 611–621, 1989. G.Molaei, T.G. Andreadis, P.M. Armstronget al., â€Å"Host feeding pattern of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) and its role in transmission ofWestNile virus inHarris County, Texas,† American Journal of Tropical Medicine andHygiene, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 73–81, 2007. Setti A, Devi TP, Pawar SC, Rajesh G, Srikanth S, Kalyan S.Molecular evolution of pathogenic bacteria based on rrsA gene, 2012 Eugene JG. Manual for mosquito rearing and experimental techniques. Am Mosq Control Assoc INC, 1970, Bulletin No.5, 7-27 Sambashiva Daravath, Aravind Setti, Yuvo singh, Swarnagowreeswari G, Madhavi Yadav M, Smita C Pawar, Reddya Naik B. DNA barcode of COI genetic marker of the Indian Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Insecta: Diptera: Culicidae). Medical Science, 2014, 5(15), 21-25

Political Speech -- Media

Discursive consciousness encourages politicians to partake in sharing one’s history. It is the speech that is a conversation or discourse between the potential and the intended audience. It is a personal campaign, relating platform to the laity in an effort to gain a true backing. That creates a profile. Through existential coherence, the insinuations of relatedness succor the public and the politician to find common ground, supplying elements of familiarity evoking a relatable and approachable persona. This public image is a configuration of the individual’s history, ideas, beliefs, and purpose, an oratorical resume of sorts. A Narrative of belonging would be displayed in the existential coherence of the campaign. Implications of specific regional qualifications render the potential apropos to the masses. In example [1] candidate Steve Evans, relegates his background, relishing his youth. Action of Narrative belonging entices the voters to identify the candidate as â€Å"one of us†. It is reinforcing the notion that he is not an outsider. Example [2] invites the audience to look into ...

Air Pollution :: essays research papers

What is Air Pollution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air Pollution contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, or solid wastes that can endanger the health of human beings, plants, and animals, or that can damage materials, reduce visibility, or produce undesirable odors. Air Pollution Statistics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every year, more than sixty-six million tons of poisonous gas is emptied into the air, twelve million tons of hydrocarbons1, six million tons of nitrogen oxides, one hundred fifty thousand tons of aldehydes2, and five hundred thousand tons of sulfur compunds. Approximately 80% of our air pollution comes from hydrocarbons released by vegetation. What Causes Air Pollution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Air pollution is caused by many things such as car fumes, burning of fossil fuels, furnaces. By letting all these gases release into the air, it makes it harder to breathe. Ozone can cause part of your lungs to close off and make it harder to breathe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tall smokestacks used by industries and utilities do not remove pollutants but simply boost them higher into the atmosphere. These pollutants may then be transported over great distances, causing adverse effects such as acid rain in areas far from the emission site. The worldwide increase in the burning of coal and oil since the late 1940s has led to increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide. The resulting greenhouse effect has reduced the escape of infrared radiation from the earth, causing a possible global warming trend. The Prevention of Air Pollution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To cut down on all the pollution being released into the air, we have removed the pollutant before materials are used, removed the pollutant after it is formed, or altered the process to lower pollutant levels produced.

Analysis of Cadburys Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays

Analysis of Cadbury's Background to business The Cadbury’s company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in 1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the company changed when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and the company became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A year later the retail side of the business, which was allocated in Bull Street was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854 the company received their first Royal warrant as ‘manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds the royal warrants of appointment. In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business when their father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturers including their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improve the quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business to survive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory in Holland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a new processing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new process for pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a more palatable cocoa essence. The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then the factory had become too small for the worker force. The brothers decided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. The source of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site. "Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing?" Both brothers asked. "Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air and occupations without being separated from his work?" "If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?" In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of Richard Cadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limited company: Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairman of the Company’s new Board. The other directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and George’s own two sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. The Bournville factory site became a 'series of factories within a factory', as everything needed for the business was produced on site, with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and pri... ...ain quality to their chocolate. PRICE Cadburys price their products competitively with their competitors. Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburys chocolates are price at the same price as their competitor: Example; Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar and Galaxy bar could also cost 35 pence. PLACE Cadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products, special if there many customers that want to buy their products. Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals with beverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and in vending machines. PROMOTION Through Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen that they have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives of "maximising profit† and also â€Å"to increase the sales†. Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet the business objectives of being â€Å"Number one product in a given market†. Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionary product on the market, in the Europe and world-wide. Analysis of Cadbury's Essay -- Business Management Companies Essays Analysis of Cadbury's Background to business The Cadbury’s company started manufacturing chocolate in Birmingham in 1824. It was set up by Mr. John Cadbury. In the year 1847 the company changed when John and his brother Benjamin became partners and the company became known as the Cadbury Brothers of Birmingham. A year later the retail side of the business, which was allocated in Bull Street was passed to nephew, Richard Cadbury Barrow. In February 1854 the company received their first Royal warrant as ‘manufacturers of cocoa and chocolate to Queen Victoria. The company still holds the royal warrants of appointment. In 1861 both Richard and George Cadbury took over the business when their father retired. The Cadbury brothers were dissatisfied with the quality of cocoa products that were being produced by manufacturers including their own, for this reason the brothers wished to improve the quality of Cadbury cocoa products as to help the business to survive and prosper. The brother visited to the Van Houten Factory in Holland, after the visited the Cadbury brothers, started using a new processing technique. The Cadbury brothers introduced this new process for pressing cocoa butter from cocoa beans, the process made a more palatable cocoa essence. The company remained in Birmingham for 32 years and by then the factory had become too small for the worker force. The brothers decided that they had to move the factory to larger premises. The source of the quote below is cadburys.co.uk site. "Why should an industrial area be squalid and depressing?" Both brothers asked. "Why should not the industrial worker enjoy country air and occupations without being separated from his work?" "If the country is a good place to live in, why not to work in?" In 1878 the company was move to Bournville. After the death of Richard Cadbury in 1899, the Cadbury business became a private limited company: Cadbury Brothers Limited. George Cadbury became the Chairman of the Company’s new Board. The other directors were Barrow and William A. Cadbury (sons of Richard) and George’s own two sons, Edward and George Cadbury Junior. The Bournville factory site became a 'series of factories within a factory', as everything needed for the business was produced on site, with tin box pressing plants, carton making units, a design studio and pri... ...ain quality to their chocolate. PRICE Cadburys price their products competitively with their competitors. Cadburys products can be found in most local corner shops, Cadburys chocolates are price at the same price as their competitor: Example; Cadbury whole nut would cost 35 pence, while a Mars bar and Galaxy bar could also cost 35 pence. PLACE Cadbury sells anywhere where there is a demand for their products, special if there many customers that want to buy their products. Cadbury would sell their products to shops (business) that deals with beverages and confectionery like (Iceland, Sainsbury, Kwick Save, Tesco, Asda, Safeway) and also in post offices and newsagents and in vending machines. PROMOTION Through Cadburys promotional activities it can be clearly seen that they have been guided by their promotional and marketing objectives of "maximising profit† and also â€Å"to increase the sales†. Achievement of these objectives enables the business to meet the business objectives of being â€Å"Number one product in a given market†. Cadburys Company are the number one seller of chocolate confectionary product on the market, in the Europe and world-wide.

Human Characteristic traits that make them good or evil Essay

Humans can be good, evil, or even both, and the characteristics they portray represent who they are. Throughout many cultures around the world humans have characteristic traits that are good and evil. Universally speaking good defined by Webster’s dictionary: Being positive or desirable in nature; not bad or poor. And Evil: Morally bad or wrong; wicked. Now one can say that bravery is a good characteristic for one to acquire. On the other hand, tricking/fooling/lying to some one is a bad characteristic for a human to posses. Honesty is generally identified as a good trait as well. Being brave and honest are great qualities identified around the world as good traits for a human to either receive or retain. But, Lying or tricking someone is known to be an evil trait for a human to exercise. In America and other countries around the world bravery is a very important quality for a human to own. In the past it was only men who could be brave, after all men were the ones fighting in the wars; it was their acts of bravery that has made the world what it is today. Now women are able to actually show how brave we are. There are now many women in war and all of them are brave. But, being brave does not just mean fighting for your country. It means being able to fight, think, and even feel pain for someone else. It can be as simple as a young child taking the training wheels off their bicycle. In the story And Clay we are Created two characters show tremendous acts of bravery, Azucena and Rolf. Azucena is a young 13 year old girl who is trapped for many days. Rolf is a reporter who over comes a fear while talking with her. In the end Azucena and Rolf both overcome a fear of death. Overcoming a fear is simply brave. Honesty is sometimes how the world goes round’. If no one was honest then how would anyone be able to function or trust anyone? The world would be even more of a crueler place than it is now. Every employer is looking for that honest person. Everyone’s vote goes to who they think is the more honest candidate. When people are honest they acquire a good reputation i. e. Honest Abe, that of course being one of our good presidents Abraham Lincoln. In the story A Piece of String the main character is accused of stealing a wallet full of money. His accuser said he saw him picking it up and then acting like he was looking for something. It was actually him just picking up a piece of string. After the main character got a bad reputation the wallet was returned, but unfortunately it didn’t instantly make him an honest person. Lying/ tricking a person or many people can be definitely looked on upon as evil or as a sin. Throughout US history many Presidents have lied. A couple of examples are Nixon and Clinton. But, not only in politics is where liars are found. They are found in court, on TV, and even in novels. For example Anansi in Anansi Owns All Tales That Are Told is a liar. He tricks animals and other insects into closed devices so he can bring them to the sky god, in order to own all stories that are told. Whether a person is good or evil depends on their traits as an individual. Sometimes a person is good and evil. And sometimes people are just plain evil. But Honesty and Bravery will always be looked upon as good traits. And Lying/ tricking will always be looked down upon by the human race.

Food technology portfolio sac paper Essay

To demonstrate satisfactory completion of Unit 3, Outcome 3, you must present evidence of the development of a design brief, evaluation criteria and a design plan. This document is a framework for the development of the SAT. It provides a step-by-step approach to completing all of the components of the task so that you are able to complete all of the assessment criteria to the highest level. The task is more manageable if you type all your documents as you go. This will save a lot of time and make it easier to incorporate corrections from your draft. When setting up a new folder for your SAT on your computer, separate folders for individual components of the task. However, it is recommended that the research and the production notes for each individual food item are prepared in the one document. This will enable you to ensure that the footnoting in this document is sequential. REMEMBER TO SAVE YOUR WORK IN MORE THAN ONE PLACE AND TO BACK-UP YOUR WORK EACH TIME YOU WORK ON THE TASK. As you undertake research, remember to record all sources of information you have used and footnote any material that is directly cited or copied. Start you bibliography as soon as you begin your work on the SAT. More information about citing reference and writing your bibliography will appear later in the booklet. It is always helpful to proof read your draft to pick up mistakes 4 Unit 3 / 4 Food and Technology SAT 2012 Criteria for Assessment Unit 3: Food preparation, processing and food controls Area of study 3: Developing a design plan Outcome 3: Develop a design brief, evaluation criteria and a design plan for the development of a food product. Unit 4: Food product development and emerging tends Area of study 1: Implementing a design plan Outcome 1: Safely and hygienically implement the production plans for a set of four to six food items that comprise the product, evaluate the sensory properties of the food items, evaluate the product using the evaluation criteria, and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of production activities. Criteria 1: Design Brief and Evaluation Criteria Criteria 3. Skill in developing a design brief and evaluation criteria ? Skill in developing a design brief including context and specifications (considerations and constraints) ? Skill in developing relevant evaluation criteria that relate to the design brief context and specifications. Very High Comprehensive, coherent and relevant information is provided in a very well structured design brief with a clear and thorough description of the context. The specifications in the design brief (considerations and constrains) are very clearly identified. A range of very clearly expressed, relevant evaluation criteria reflect all the information contained in the design brief context and specifications. 5 Design Brief: ? clearly defines the context, aims and intentions of a new product? includes specifications – considerations and constraints – that need to be taken into account when making decisions in relation to the design of the new product ? Must be a problem that the student will attempt to solve ? must be developed and written by the student (not by the teacher) ? must allow students to demonstrate key knowledge and skills. There is no word limit on the length of the design brief. The VCAA has a PowerPoint presentation ‘In the beginning – Developing an effective School-assessed Task design brief’ available at www.vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Example: www. vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Of all the sports I have ever played, surfing is without doubt my favourite. I really can’t remember a time when I haven’t been able to surf. My Nan and Pa have had a house at Torquay since I was just a toddler and so we have spent most weekends there every summer. My Pa was one of the original ‘surfies’ at Jan Juc and other beaches along the surf coast and he taught me to surf when I was really young. Two of my friends from school, Ben and Sam, are also keen surfers and so we have decided to head to the surf for a couple of days after our final exams in early December for our own ‘Shortboard Classic’. My Nan and Pa have offered to let us stay at their house on Friday and Saturday but we will need to take some of our own ‘supplies’ as I don’t want Nan to have to do all of the meal preparation. As I quite enjoy cooking, I have decided to make some of the main food items we will eat over the two days. We will need some food items for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday. I will also need to prepare some savoury and sweet snack items we can take to the beach, as we will no doubt be hungry after spending so long in the water. On Saturday night we will have a celebratory dinner with my Nan and Pa before we leave and so I will need to make a dessert to share for dinner. The dessert needs to be quite special and look spectacular so that it is the ‘grand finale’ to a great weekend. Just as importantly, I can show my Nan that all the hours she spent teaching me how to cook while we were staying at Torquay weren’t wasted! The food will also need to be appealing to us and satisfy our ‘healthy’ appetites. As we will be leaving for Torquay straight after our last exam, all of the food needs to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities. I also want to use a variety of complex processes so that the products I produce are of a very high quality. My Nan is a great fan of television cooking shows and I want to show her that I am now quite a skilled cook too – even if not yet in the league of the experts on her favourite show! 6. IDENTIFY a theme, event or context. WHO: Who has asked you to prepare the product? This might be an individual or a representative of an organisation. Remember to outline or describe some background information about who the product is being prepared for to inform the reader. WHY: Why is the product needed? Discuss the reason or purpose the product needs to be prepared. 7 WHAT: What needs to be prepared? This should be a simple outline or general statement about the product. WHEN: When the product is to be prepared by or served or available. WHERE: Where the product is to be served, displayed or used. 8 Developing your brief Once you have established your ideas, use the 5 W’s chart to write your detailed design brief. Remember to use complete sentences and paragraph format. These five components will form one or two paragraphs of the design brief. Scope of the task – this information must also be included as a part of your design brief: – A range of 4-6 food items – Use at least 4 different complex processes in the production work to produces high quality food 9 Specifications & Criteria for Evaluation You now need to use the information in your design brief to develop the criteria for evaluation. The first step is to identify the specifications (constraints and considerations) in your design brief. 1. On your design brief underline or highlight the specifications. Alternately you could make a list of the specifications. It is important that these are clearly identified. Specifications are the issues or barriers that have been identified in the brief. They will need to be addressed when working through the design process. ‘Considerations’ are flexible restrictions – issues or aspects that need to be taken into account when planning a product. ‘Constraints’ are restrictions, over which the designer has little control, that affect the development of the product. 2. Using the specifications identified, develop approximately 5 to 6 relevant evaluation criteria questions. If you have a lot of specification you might want to combine more that one specification into a question. a. Must be relevant/related to your design brief. b. Must be written before the product or the food items are made c. Should be a set of open-ended questions that need more than yes or no as an answer d. Need to be well-written and clearly expressed 3. These questions will be used to evaluate the set of food items as a single product rather than individual items once you have completed your production work. Students should write clear and in depth responses to evaluation questions. These responses form part of the evaluation component of the task after all the food items have been made. 10 Example: www. vcaa. vic. edu. au/vce/studies/foodtech/foodtechindex. html Of all the sports I have ever played, surfing is without doubt my favourite. I really can’t remember a time when I haven’t been able to surf. My Nan and Pa have had a house at Torquay since I was just a toddler and so we have spent most weekends there every summer. My Pa was one of the original ‘surfies’ at Jan Juc and other beaches along the surf coast and he taught me to surf when I was really young. Two of my friends from school, Ben and Sam, are also keen surfers and so we have decided to head to the surf for a couple of days after our final exams in early December for our own ‘Shortboard Classic’. My Nan and Pa have offered to let us stay at their house on Friday and Saturday but we will need to take some of our own ‘supplies’ as I don’t want Nan to have to do all of the meal preparation. As I quite enjoy cooking, I have decided to make some of the main food items we will eat over the two days. We will need some food items for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday. I will also need to prepare some savoury and sweet snack items we can take to the beach, as we will no doubt be hungry after spending so long in the water. On Saturday night we will have a celebratory dinner with my Nan and Pa before we leave and so I will need to make a dessert to share for dinner. The dessert needs to be quite special and look spectacular so that it is the ‘grand finale’ to a great weekend. Just as importantly, I can show my Nan that all the hours she spent teaching me how to cook while we were staying at Torquay weren’t wasted! The food will also need to be appealing to us and satisfy our ‘healthy’ appetites. As we will be leaving for Torquay straight after our last exam, all of the food needs to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities. I also want to use a variety of complex processes so that the products I produce are of a very high quality. My Nan is a great fan of television cooking shows and I want to show her that I am now quite a skilled cook too – even if not yet in the league of the experts on her favourite show! Research. Criteria for Evaluation – 1. Have I been able to prepare a range of food items suitable for a casual dinner on Friday and breakfast and lunch on Saturday? 2. Was I able to produce some savoury and sweet snack items suitable to take to the beach? 3. Did the range of food items include a special dessert to share for dinner on Saturday night? 4. Will the food be appealing to young males and will it be filling enough to satisfy ‘healthy’ appetites? 5. Was all of the food able to be prepared several weeks in advance and did it have good keeping qualities? 6. Did I use a variety of complex processes in the preparation of the products to produce high quality products? Constraint: food items for dinner on Friday, and breakfast and lunch on Saturday Consideration: types of food for brecky, lunch and dinner Constraint: sweet snacks to take on the beach Consideration: the type of sweet snacks Constraint: dessert to share at dinner that looks spectacular Consideration: the type of dessert Constraint: food needs to look appealing and satisfy ‘healthy’ appetites Constraint: food will need to be prepared several weeks in advance and have good keeping qualities Constraint: products of high quality Consideration: use a variety of complex processes 11 Criteria 2: Design Plan Criteria 3. Skill in completing research relevant to the design brief, developing ideas, and documenting decisions. ? Skill in completing a range of research relevant to the specifications in the design brief. ? Skill in exploring ideas for possible food items in response to the design brief. ? Skill in selection and justification of the decision made for the set of four to six food items (the product) Very High Comprehensive range of relevant research related to the specification in the design brief. Very detailed exploration and creative formulation of a wide range of ideas in the selection of the set of food items (The product). Highly detailed documentation of thought processes and thorough justification of decision making related to the suitability of selected food items, and detailed reasons why some have be en rejected. 12 Research and exploration – After writing your design brief you will need to ask yourself the following question: What information do you need to know about your theme or idea to help guide your food ideas and final selection? You will need to explore a range of ideas or alternatives in order to make informed decisions about what food items you would like to produce to solve the problem outlined in your design brief. There needs to be creativity in the selection of food items and decisions made in order to solve the problem set out in the brief. This information must be directly related to the specifications in the design brief and should be no more than approximately one to two A3 pages. You will need to use a range of primary and secondary sources. When exploring ideas in order to make decisions students should make use of: – Existing solutions e. g. recipe books Guiding information from people, internet recipes, books, magazines, television etc Primary and secondary sources of information o Primary sources include: ? Visiting a supermarket or fresh food market to observe particular varieties of produce ? Interviewing a grower at a farmer’s market ? Interviewing a person with expert food knowledge ? A visit to a restaurant to sample new foods o Secondary sources include: ? Books ? Magazines? Websites ? Journal articles It is very important that students acknowledge all sources of information using a recognized reference system with footnotes and a bibliography. 13 Example brainstorming ideas You must footnote all of the resources you have used to gather this information. Remember to write the information from your secondary research in your own words and do not include downloads or screen dumps from websites. Prepare a diagram to outline useful information about components or characteristics of the food items that will guide your recipe search and meet the needs of the design brief. You should include 4-5 ideas for each food item. This is not a recipe search but a way of documenting some of your thought processes after you have started your research. This may be a simple, hand-drawn map mind map to capture your initial thought or it can be produced using a software package such as Inspiration or Mindmanager. 14 Selection of recipe ideas Now you must research possible recipe ideas based on the information in your mind map. You will need to have at least three (3) possible ideas for each food item that must also meet the specifications in the design brief. Your selection of the food items MUST be creative and of a Year 12 standard. You will need to make decisions about which products will be most appropriate. It will be helpful to consider the following points before you make your final decision: – You need to prepare a minimum of four and a maximum of six items – Make sure you have the food preparation skills required to prepare each food item to a high quality. – Be creative with the selection of food items – consider interesting combinations of ingredients, as well as the presentation of each item. – Try to be objective in selecting products and don’t just choose food items because they are ones you are familiar with or are special favourites – Make sure that some food preservation techniques are included in the selection of products. – You must also use a range of complex processes in the production processes as well as a variety of cooking techniques. Food solutions 3 & 4 – Third Edition 2010, pg172. Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 1: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 15 – Design Ideas – Recipe Ideas Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 1: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 16 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 2: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 17 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 3: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 18 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 4: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 19 Reference Complex Process Cooking Technique / Preservation Comments about how the product will creatively meet the needs of the design brief. Food Item 5: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: Recipe Name: 20 The following will record your final selection of food items that will make up your product for production. Hint: use your criteria for evaluation as a way of making decisions about which food items to select as part of your final product. Food Item Specification Complex Process Cooking Method Preservation Technique Item 1: Item 2: Item 3: Item 4: Item 5: Item 6: 21 Justification of selected food items – You must justify each of the food items you have selected individually. – The justification for each food item should be approximately 100 to 150 words in length. – Your discussion should outline how the item meets the specifications in the design brief and may include some or all of the following: o identification of the product o how the product relates to the theme o how the product will meet the other specifications/needs of the brief o identification of any complex process that will be used to prepare the food item o identification and description of cooking methods o if applicable, discussion of the preservation techniques to be used for this item o a discussion of the creativity of the food item o an explanation of why each of the other two recipe ideas were not selected. 22 Criteria 6: Overall production timeline, individual food item production plans and production work Criteria 6. Skill in development, organization and implementation of planning for production. ? Skill in developing an overall production timeline. ? Skill in developing individual production plans for each food items to be made. ? Skill in organisation and implementation of the overall production timeline and individual food item production plans to complete the food items. Very High Completing of a cohesive, carefully considered sequence and clearly presented overall production timeline. Development of a very detailed individual production plans for each food items to be made. A very high level of organisation demonstrated throughout the completion of the food items. * Food orders, production plans all submitted by due dated. * Need to include presentation in any planning documentation. 23 Overall Production Plan The next step in the development of your design plan is to prepare an overall production timeline showing how you will prepare all of the 4 to 6 items you selected in the time you have available. This will help you to organize the sequence in which you will produce each of the chosen food items. It should take into account the length of time each food item takes to prepare along with other commitments Individual work plans will be prepared later. The type of information you will need to include on your overall production timeline is: – The date each food item will be produced – Any preparation which needs to be done prior to preparing the food item such as soaking dried fruit for jam, marinating of meat, selecting jars for preserved products, collecting props for photography. -Note any other important school or personal commitments you will have during this period which will have an impact on you over this time. – 24 March 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI 31 SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Notes: 25 April 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 15 Notes:Â  May 2013 SUN MON TUES WED THUR FRI SAT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 15 Notes: 27 June 2013 SUN MON.

Blacks in the Military

Behind the American dream lies a series of rebels and insurrections on the part of black Americans in order to mark their presence equal to that of the white citizens of the country. Just like the rise of a black man in the society did not happen over night, his status and entrance into the military services also took decades to create a non-segregated military of the contemporary America.The participation of blacks in the U. S. military is a path with its commencement right after the exemption of prohibitive years when the U. S. army permitted the black men to serve the military as cooks and stewards. In the wake of centuries, these African Americans achieved their current status as equal members of the unified U. S. army. This paper succinctly recounts the history of blacks’ entrance into the military and their gradual rise of status over the period of time. The paper also elucidates the importance of the blacks for the U. S. during the times of different wars and the impact of such military activities on the black men in the armed forces of America today. Introduction:â€Å"We must tell stories of black successes to every child in our country because we need heroes. We need them as much as we need our dreams, and black Americans have always provided both_ George H. W. Bush (Rosenthal: 1991). † In the contemporary world, the word ‘black’ refers to a multifaceted concept. Generally the term signifies the people with dark skin involving the human population from Africa, Oceania and Southeast Asia etc. In a more peculiar sense, the word refers to a black-white segregation with its origins profoundly rooted in the American history.More formally, the term Afro-Americans is also employed for the people who had been brought to the U. S. as slaves and had been allocated to different colonies within the country. Although initially allocated as the servants of whites, the blacks gained power with the passage of time resulting in an insurrecti on against the whites due to the inhuman attitude towards them. Once prohibited to cross the premises of educational institutes or dine in the whites’ restaurants, blacks of the contemporary U. S.society not only enjoy equal rights but have proved to be a significant contribution to the country in every walk of life and form one of the chief minorities of America. According to the statistics of 2006 by U. S. Census Beareu about 13. 1 percent of total U. S. population comprises of this minority with a numeric figure around 39,151,870. Today, to more than any area of national strength, these black men and women provide a tenacious contribution to the military of the United States. History of Blacks’ Entrance in the Military: â€Å"Although African Americans have participated in every major U.S. war, the battle for integration and for recognition of the accomplishments of black soldiers has been a slow process (Haney: 2007). † Since the arrival of blacks, no war ha ving U. S. as a participant went without the presence of blacks in the country’s military. During the time of French and Indian wars in the 18th century, the American army heavily depended on black people working as labourers, scouts and drivers etc. Even during the time of World War I, about 404,348 black men and women worked in the Services of Supply-in quartermaster, stevedore, and pioneer infantry units (Lee: 1966, p.5). As a result of their active contribution, the United Press reported that the ‘American Negro troops proved their value as fighters’ (Lee: 1966, p. 6). though appreciated in printed media, the reality possessed extreme racism running between the blacks and whites. After the commencement of the Second World War, the number of blacks enlisted to the military services increased from 3,640 men on 31 August 1939 to 97,725 on 30 November 1941. the following years marked a further increase of black enlistees (Lee: 1966, p. 88). Revolutionary War:Acco rding to the statistics provided by Albrecht and Davis based on U. S. Census Bureau, U. S. Army and U. S. Department of Defence, the eighteenth century holds the history of the Revolutionary War that marked a presence of 5000 black soldiers in the continental army and far more with the British forces as a result of Lord Dunmore’s proclamation in November 1775 promising the freedom of negroes if they support the British. As a result more and more African Americans joined forces against the Patriots since freedom was something they cherished most.So, this war was unique in a sense that blacks served both the continental army and the British colonizers as a part of their military to be used against Americans however the majority of black men and women served the British in road building and other such meagre tasks since they were promised emancipation from years of slavery (PBS). Civil War: Since the year 1861, Civil war has never lost its debate for one reason that its undercur rents still flow in the roots of modern American society. Owing to the great impact of war between whites and blacks, Higham believes thatâ€Å"No other subject in U. S. history, perhaps no other subject in the history of the world, has elicited the tremendous outpouring of writing that has been lavished on the American Civil War (1996). † Although the blacks served in the Revolutionary War, it was till 1792 that the federal law of the United States prohibited the entrance of blacks as arms bearing soldiers. As a consequence of this law, the aspiring blacks raised the issue in Boston requesting the government to bring alternation in the rule. Resulting from the proclamation of emancipation made by Gen.John C. Fremont in Missouri and Gen. David Hunter in South Carolina, an increasing number of slaves were emancipated on one hand when on the other hand the whites’ spirit of voluntary services in military declined. In such a scenario, the need of military personnel in Uni on army was overwhelming thereby making the Government reconsider the ban on blacks. This led to the exemption of ban resulting in gradual recruitment of black volunteers to serve in the army. Formally, it was in the form of Union Army that emerged as a result of acts passed by the Congress in 1862.According to the Second Confiscation and Militia Act, all the slaves with their masters serving in the Confederate Army were freed. In about 2 days, slavery was abolished in all the states of the country. Seeing the aggrandizing number of black men willing to join military the government established a separate Bureau of Colored Troops by 1863. The active participation of blacks in U. S. not only marked a significant chapter of history but also left an impact on literature as the influence can be witnessed in the works of Rudyard Kipling and Kate Chopin.Similarly, movies like ‘Glory’ are constant reminders of blacks’ military role in war times. The U. S. Coast guard bei ng one of the smallest yet effective of the seven uniformed services and military branches of t he U. S with a purpose of patrolling the maritime region also marked an informal entrance of blacks in about 1831 when Captain W. W. Polk, USRCS, commanding the Revenue cutter Florida requested to the Treasury Secretary Samuel D. Ingham to employ his black slave of 21 years on board.After a month of permission, the free blacks were employed as stewards and cooks. The year 1887 marked a heyday for the African Americans military status in the coast guard when Captain Michael A. Healy was commissioned as the commander of the cutter Bear till 1895 (U. S. Coast Guard). Korean War By 1930s the prejudices of whites against blacks started to debilitate. It was in 1937 that the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, U. S. A passed a resolution which said, â€Å"We accept completely the ideal of the brotherhood of all races, as all are the children of God.We therefore call upon Christians ev erywhere to practice mutual good-will and cooperation among all racial groups, to eliminate every form of discrimination, and to work actively for the recognition of civil and religious rights of all minority groups(Sternsher: 1969. p. 105). † Although a part of military comprising of nearly one million soldiers, the blacks were still considered unfit for military services by the white military men till 1941 when black leaders proposed a constitution of all-black combat units on experimental basis.The outstanding performance of these black units led to their participation on permanent basis thereby disentangling the military from the shackles of prejudices against the minority. In the words of Retired U. S. Army Colonel Bill De Shields, â€Å"The symbol of black participation at that time was ‘the Double V'. in other words, ‘Double V' meant two victories: victory against the enemy abroad, and victory against the enemy at home. The enemy at home of course being rac ism (VOA: 2005). † By the late 1950s that marked the end of Korean War, the black units were kept separate.Although some blacks worked in white units too, their presence was only in the capacity of lower staff members. Vietnam War: The era of Vietnam War was the time when U. S. Army had fully integrated with whites and blacks serving in the same combat units and absence of racism. The blacks by this time had appraisal in their ranks and served even as generals (VOA: 2005). Of all the races participating in the Vietnam War, blacks are often considered to have suffered the most in terms of the casualty rate. Comprising of 11 percent of the total participating population, blacks served the U.S. in Vietnam in disproportionate number comprising of about 20 percent of early combat deaths. Later the proportion of casualties declined to about 12. 5 percent (Albrecht and Davis). The figure points out the increasing role of blacks in the military. There lie several reasons behind the gr eater black demise in comparison with other races. Firstly, as the fight between South and North escalated, the U. S. needed more soldiers because of the heavy rate of casualty at the front thereby resulting conscription of people for military services.According to the studies of Defence department of Sam Houston University, a considerable number of blacks entered the U. S. military in this way that formed 16 percent of its total population. Secondly, it is often reckoned that the high casualty rate was not just because of increasing number but partly due to the higher morale and willingness of blacks to offer their voluntary services causing their casualty rate supersede other races in terms of their participating population. It was the consequence of extraordinary morale of African American military men that about 20 medals of bravery were awarded to these black soldiers.Persian Gulf War: Continued for a time span of almost a year from 1990 to 1991, the statistics of Persian Gulf War as reported by the U. S. Defence Department suggest the presence of black men and women to have made up to 25percent of the American troops when their total share in the U. S. population was about 12percent. This according to Pentagon officials was a result of their willingness rather than their conscription into the military services. The era of Persian Gulf War marked an augmentation of blacks in the military when their joining superseded the whites by three times.This according to many analysts was a way for blacks to improved quality of life. According to Martin Binkin a military analyst, the percentage of black young men and women serving in military forces by 1991 was 30-33percent in comparison with that of 16 to 17percent for the white youngsters (Wilkerson: 1991). It was such participation and morale of black Americans in the Persian Gulf War that President H. W. Bush exalted their chivalry with the following words, â€Å"For two centuries, black soldiers have establish ed a record of pride in the face of incredible obstacles (Rosenthal: 1991). † Iraq War:In the words of Gregory Black, founder of web portal of black military, â€Å"The first reason for the drop is the black community’s overall objection to the war (Foley: 2007). † The growing unpopularity of Bush Administration after the invasion in Iraq and continual spending on the war to cause a deficit in the year 2008 is not only confined to the international community but has greatly affected the numeric strength of the U. S. military. Although, the U. S. army has suffered an enormous decline in terms of the number of people applying for the military services, the fall of military participation is highest for the black community.According to the analysis of Williams and Baron in The Boston Globe, the blacks’ percentage in the U. S. military has declined by 58percent since 11 September 2000 but Iraq War seemed to have greatly catalyzed the process as suggested by oth er military analysts, Pentagon surveys, and interviews with young African-Americans. The analysis of James Foley made in the fall of the last year suggests that the whites who formed 61 percent of the recruits in the year 2000 now make up around 67 percent of the U. S. military force (2007).Michael O'Hanlon, a military analyst for the liberal-leaning Brookings Institution, witnesses this trend to be a loss for the American army since he believes that the ‘African-Americans have been such a key part of the modern military (whose decline) portends the possibility of a longer-term loss of interest. It can be tough to get it back’ (Williams and Baron: 2007). For the blacks, the threat of Iraq War is double edged. It does not only mean a loss of a few lives but poses a threat of the loss of a whole generation since the blacks are in minority as approved by the fact that 3,540 U. S.troops have died in Iraq’s bloodshed till the last year (Baldor: 2007). Also, the discou raging attitude from the military has dissuaded many blacks. Lieutenant Colonel Irving Smith, a sociologist at the US Military Academy at West Point, the basic goal behind excessive blacks’ participation was to reach equal status of citizenship and leadership roles in the mainstream but ‘The fewer African-Americans that enlist, the fewer African-Americans there are that can tell their stories in the future. The fewer that get commissioned as officers, the smaller the leadership pool will be in the future’ (Williams and Baron: 2007).At the top of everything James Foley in his article ‘Black interest in military service decreasing’ also believes that the decline is also because the key influencers in the black community are against the war. As a result of their ascendance on their followers, more and more blacks are being dissuaded from their participation in the U. S. military (2007). It was the foresight of blacks regarding their decline as a result of Iraq invasion that in the year 2003, different polls investigating the attitude of people towards Iraq invasion suggested that the blacks opposed Iraq War much more than the whites.Pew Research Centre’s poll suggested the support of 44 percent of African-Americans in comparison with 73percent whites, According to the Atlanta Journal-Constitution/Zogby America poll, only 23percent blacks supported the war whereas according to the findings of the Joint Centre for Political and Economic Studies, the percentage of these black votaries declined to 19 percent (Jackson: 2003). The reason behind such opposition is that the blacks make up far more percentage in the U. S. military as compared to their share in the country’s population.Conclusion: Due to a record of excessive invasions and interventions of the U. S. in the past few decades, what stays most wounded is the military wing of the country. Since the operations of the U. S. military in Afghanistan and Iraq, the count ry’s army has lost its charm for many U. S. citizens to a considerable deal. Of these Americans, the reaction is most severe from the black community as proved by the fact that the participation level of blacks in the U. S army has enormously declined over the last few years.With a history of intrepid contribution as warriors and soldiers of the Spanish American War in 1898, the Korean war in early 1950s, the Vietnam war of 1960s and 1970s and the Persian Gulf war of early 1990s, the blacks of the contemporary U. S. seem less inclined to the military services thereby causing a serious threat to the over all strength of the U. S. With their contribution in all the capacities of armed forces, the black military men of today play a key role for the unified army at one hand whereas their very presence poses a risk of losing entire generations of African Americans on the other hand.Keeping in mind the nature of risks for black Americans, it is likely that the recent trend of decli ning participation would continue for the years to come thereby debilitating the military strength of the world’s super power. References African Americans in the United States Coast Guard. U. S. Coast Guard. Jan. 1999. Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 < http://www. uscg. mil/hq/g-cp/history/h_Africanamericans. html> African-American Soldiers in World War II Helped Pave Way for Integration of US Military. Voice of America. 10 May 2005.Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 Baldor, Lolita C. Number of Blacks Joining Military Down. Washington Post. 25 Jun. 2007. 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Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Sternsher, Bernard.The Negro in Depression and War: Prelude to Revolution, 1930- 1945. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1969. The Revolutionary War. PBS. Retrieved on 24 Feb. 2008 Wilkerson, Isabel. War in the Gulf: The Troops; Blacks Wary of Their Big Role as Troops. The New York Times. 25 Jan. 1991. Retrieved on 25 Feb. 2008 Williams, Joseph and Baron, Kevin. Military sees big decline in black enlistees. The